Legal Concepts Worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Concepts Worksheet - Essay Example Federal courts - supercede jurisdiction over state courts. In order to file a lawsuit in federal court there must be a federal question or diversity in jurisdiction. A state action will not lie in federal court. Decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court - The US supreme court trumps all courts. It is the law of the land and all courts bow to it. The decisions of the supreme court guide all courts in the nation on how to rule on a specific issue. A judge must not rule in a manner that is contra to established supreme court law. Judicial restraint - The court will restrain itself from ruling on areas not with in the ambit of the legal question before them. However sometimes, we can take a guess on their stance on a particular issue by reading the dissenting opinion, stare decisis or dicta. Subject-matter jurisdiction - the court must have the authority to decide a particular issue. For example, the small claims courts in New York cannot have jurisdiction in a matter that requests over three thousand in damages. Personal jurisdiction - the defendant must either reside, or live in the state that the action is commenced in or there is no jurisdiction. When this happens, you start to look at long arm jurisdiction possibilities. Class-action suits - an action that is brought by a class of people. This does not mean that a group of friends get together to bring a suit.

Photosynthesis Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Photosynthesis Lab Report Essay An experiment to investigate the effects of carbonate concentration in water on the rate of photosynthesis. Aim: The aim is to investigate how increasing carbonate in water can affect the rate of photosynthesis. Introduction: The rate of photosynthesis can be increased or decreased in many different ways. For example, by adding substances like alkaline or salt to the water, you can increase or decrease the acidity or basics, if the water has too much acidity, it can often delay the rate of photosynthesis, often stopping the rate of photosynthesis in the plant, which will possibly lead to killing the plant. Another option is to control the strength of the light by controlling the distance of the light from the plant. If the light is a far distance from the plant, the strength of light for the plant would be very weak, therefore decreasing the rate of photosynthesis. Another alternate but simple way is to change the colored light by comparing different colored ï ¬ lters and their effects to change the rate of photosynthesis. Some colors like red and blue increase the rate of photosynthesis, while colors like yellow and green decrease the rate of photosynthesis. Many people would choose the factors that have just been listed, however there are so many other interesting possible factors when investigating other ways in which you can affect the rate of photosynthesis, Therefor, for this experiment the independent variable chosen is the amount of carbonate in water. Hypothesis: Carbonate is known to increase the rate of photosynthesis when mixed with water, this is because plants inhale carbon dioxide which is what carbonate is made from along with other bases. By diluting carbonate in the water, this increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the water, which then increases the rate of photosynthesis, technically increasing the amount of bubbles within the experiment. However, too much carbonate might slow down the rate of photosynthesis within the plant. This is because, if too much carbonate is added within a small concentration of water with only one small plant, the amount of carbon dioxide released might be too overwhelming for one plant to handle, increasing the rate of photosynthesis to such a high extent can eventually make the plant loose itÊ ¼s energy to photosynthesize. Apparatus/Materials †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Science apron Large Beaker (1000mls) Tap water Long wooden ruler(preferably 30cm) Scissors 12cm of  fresh Elodea plant Large lamp- 60wat bulb Carbonate powder Mettle spoon/spatula Skewer Scale Paper stop watch book or laptop to collect data Method 1. Find a clean, safe and flat working space to do your experiment, leave your workbook or laptop used to collect data on your working space 2. Put on a safety lab apron or coat 3. Grab all the equipment thats on the equipment list and place it on your working space 4. Take a large beaker(1000mls) and carefully fill it with 500mls of tap water 5. Place the large beaker on your working space, bend down at eye level in line with the water and check that the bottom of the waters meniscus curve is touching the ‘500mls’ point 6. If there is too much water, pour out some of the water into the sink, repeatedly doing step 3 to check if the measurement is correct 7. Turn on your lamp and make sure the bulb is 60 wats 8. Take your ruler and make sure the length distance between the lamp and the beaker is 1 cm, and make sure the height distance between the bulb and the beaker is 0 cm 9. Take the Long wooden ruler (preferably 30cm) and some scissors to measure and cut 12cm of fresh Elodea plant 10. Turn on the lamp 11. Get ready your stop watch and your source used to collect data 12. Drop the 12 cm Elodea plant into the water 13. Quickly start the timer when you see the first bubble and record it in your data table for ‘Trail 1’ 14. When watching the plant, watch it from birds eye view(above the beaker) so that you can see the whole plant 15. Let the stop watch run for three minutes(1 minute for each trial) and record how many bubbles there are for each trial for each trial. 16. After finishing the three trials, if the plant floats to the top, push the plant down with a skewer 17. For the next test, rip a section of paper thats about the size of your palm, place it on the scale 18. Turn on the scale 19. Take a spatula and the tub of carbonate powder and spoon some carbonate onto the paper that is sitting on the scale. 20. Keep on adding and taking away till you get 0.5 grams 21. Take the paper with the 0.5 grams of carbonate and pour it inside the water 22. Quickly stir the carbonate with a spatula so that it is fully dissolved into the water equally 23. Start the timer when your done stirring and repeat from step 14 to step 22 24. Once the data is finished collecting, add up the data for the 3 trials  for the first test, divide the sum by 3 to get your average. Do this for a the rest of your tests till you get 5 averages for each of the 5 tests 25. Make a table on ‘Exle’, write test 1, 2 and so on in each cel and the amount of carbonate, then write the averages for each of the tests under 26. Highlight all of this then click whatever graph you think would be best Fair Testing Variables Independent variable Variable details Variables you will change Description †¢ The Mass of carbonate powder increases by 0.5grams within each test †¢ To Count the amount of bubbles released within each trial †¢ Time frame for each trial 60sec †¢ Distance in length and height between the lamp and the beaker is 0cm in height and 1cm in length. †¢ Bulbs wattage-60wats †¢ Mass of water in the beaker for every test is 500mls

An Analysis of Starbucks Essay -- Business Management SWOT

An Analysis of Starbucks Company History Starbucks was opened its first coffee company in Seattle’s Pike place Market on 1971. The name was taken from the first mate in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (Company Profile, 2005). Products Beverages: Brewed coffees, Italian-style espresso, cold blended beverages, roasted whole bean coffees, tea products, fruit juice, sodas, and coffee liqueur. Food: Sandwich, Salads, pastries and ice creams. Non food items: Mugs, Travel tumblers, coffeemakers, coffee grinders, storage containers, compact discs, games, seasonal novelty items, Starbucks card, media bar. International Business Development In order to achieve Starbucks mission to be a global company, the development strategy that Starbucks implemented to adapt with variety market and local need are: joint ventures, licenses and company owned operation (Starbucks Corporation, 2005). There are 4,666 Starbucks stores which are operated and 2,222 are licensed operation in US which are spread out in 50 states. For the international location, StarbucksÂ’ store can be found in 34 countries outside of the United States and 1,049 stores are company owned operated in Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Singapore, Thailand and the U.K. and 1,734 are joint ventures and licensed operation (Company Fact Sheet, 2005). Starbucks goes International 1996 Starbucks open in Tokyo, Japan. Nowadays, there are more than 500 retails shops in Japan. Furthermore, Starbucks also open in Hawaii and Singapore. 1997 Starbucks open in Philippines 1998 Starbucks open in U.K., Taiwan, Thailand, New Zealand and Malaysia. 1999 Starbucks open in Beijing, Kuwait, South Korea and Lebanon. 2000 Starbucks open in United... ...rieved http://www.euromonitor.com/article.asp?id=5341&print=true Miller M, P. (July-August 2004). Quick Service Hits China. The China Business Review. Retrieved August 19, 2005, from Business Source Premium database Chris B. (2004), â€Å"Chinese wake up and smell the coffee†, Retrieved fromhttp://web4.epnet.com/citation.asp. Gray J. (2005), â€Å"Economy of China†, International Economy Investigation Institution, China, Retrieved http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/china/. Hope L. (2004), â€Å"Coffee brews a future in China†, Retrieved http://www.itmonline.org/arts/coffee.htm Kristen M. B. (2005), â€Å"Starbucks Adjusts Its Formula in China†, Retrieved http://web4.epnet.com/citation.asp. Linda Q. (2004), â€Å"Strategic Analysis for Best Coffee in China†, Faculty of Business Administration, Guangdong University, Retrieved http://web4.epnet.com/citation.asp

Solar, Hydroelectric, and Wind Power cannot replace Fossil Fuels Essay

Are Solar, Hydroelectric, and Wind Power Conceivable Alternatives to Fossil Fuels in the Future? Abstract: Fossils fuels are diminishing. Other, possibly more environmentally safe, energy sources are needed to replace them. The purpose of this study was to examine closely the three most common renewable energy sources—solar, wind, and hydroelectric power—as a solution to the â€Å"energy problem† of today and possibly the energy crisis of the future. However, solar and wind energy account for a very small percent of the energy used by the U.S. (nearly 2 percent), and the possible technologies being developed to increase their efficiency won’t be able to seal the gap between energy supplied by these renewable energy sources and the energy demanded. These sources will have to act as complements to another more powerful energy source, as they will in fact not be able to replace fossil fuels on their own. One of the most pondered questions in today’s fast-paced society is how long fossil fuels—namely oil, coal and natural gas—are going to last. The increased demand for fossil fuels, and therefore their increased price has worried many Americans into remembering that these fuels are not renewable and will one day run out. For this reason, it is important to consider whether the alternate energy technologies that we possess today can replace fossil fuels when the time comes. My study explores whether solar, hydroelectric, and wind power (alternate forms with very few harmful byproducts) used together can act as substitutes for oil, coal and natural gas. Apart from the ever-increasing price of oil these days, there are more theoretical reasons suggesting a shortage of fossil fuels. One, known as Hubbert’s Theory, p... ...nal Geographic. Retrieved on July 27, 2005 from http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0508/feature1/fulltext.html Association for the Study of Oil Peak (May 2003). World Oil Peak. Retrieved on July 28, 2005 from http://planetforlife.com/oilcrisis/oilpeak.html U.S. Department of Energy (2005). U.S. Net Electricity Generation by Energy Source. Retrieved on August 1, 2005 from http://www.eia.doe.gov Skov, Arlie M. (January 2003). World Energy Beyond 2050. Retrieved on July 31, 2005 from http://www.spe.org/spe/jpt/jsp/jspmonthlysection Knier, Gil. (2005). How do Photovoltaics Work? Science @ NASA. Retrieved from August 1, 2005 from http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/solarcells.htm Zweibel, Ken. (1995). Thin Films: Past, Present, Future. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved on July 29, 2005 from http://www.nrel.gov/nepv/documents/thinfilm.html

The Life of Louis D. Brandeis

APUSH, Period 5 Louis D. Brandeis Louis D. Brandeis was a lawyer widely known for his contribution to the progressive movement especially his involvement in the fight against big corporations, monopolies, big trusts etc. Brandies was born into a Jewish family to who resided in Louisville Kentucky. They raised him with relaxed Judaic principles, which did not affect his outlook on life too strongly. Brandeis enrolled to Harvard Law School graduating with the highest final average in the school’s history. His law career began in Boston as a law clerk to Horace Gray of the Massachusetts Supreme Court.To which he did not have to take an examination mainly due to his high honors. President Woodrow Wilson ultimately appointed Brandeis an associate of justice. Louis D. Brandeis was known as the people’s lawyer because of his successful law career that supported the general idea of the average American. Brandeis’ law career was mostly based on his positive view towards t he progressive era/ movement; he was a strong advocate on natural rights and freedom of speech, Brandeis supported the union movement, women’s rights, and the fight for a minimum wage.Brandeis was in favor of small business and set out to bust the big companies from being monopolies. One of his biggest busts against monopolies was the fight against JP Morgan and his desire for a railroad monopoly in New England. His plan was to eliminate the opposing companies by buying them out. Brandeis would pursue this case for 6 years and the company would ultimately collapse on itself as he predicted. Brandeis did not agree with how life insurance was being treated so he set out to create a new plan for it. He said that the previous insurance plan was just â€Å"legalized robbery†.He created the Savings Bank Life Insurance policy, which we can thank him for even today. This is insurance provided by savings banks presumably making it better for the applicant. He said â€Å"cheape r insurance may rob death of half of its terrors for the worthy poor†. Brandeis was in support of the idea of minimum wage on a national level rather than a state level. He believed that the worker should be guaranteed a minimum pay and hours just like the unions wanted. The case Muller v. Oregon involved the issue of state v. ederal law in regards to the issue of minimum wage and hours of women. Brandeis fought for the idea of it being on a national level to ensure that all workers were treated equally. He succeeded by presenting his idea with a shorter more traditional brief, but with large factual support in documents such as social worker reports, medical conclusions, factory inspector observations, and other expert testimonials to prove his ultimate point that a certain amount of time was harmful for the given worker and that if this were a possibility a higher wage must be presnted.This tactic is called the Brandeis Brief and it is still used in court cases today; it com pletely changed the way lawyers display their edvidence. Brandeis was a big leader in supporting the progressive era and the reforms that went along with it. Some things we can thank him for are the legalization of unions or the right of labor to organize, and the Savings Bank Insurance League. He was overall a big supporter of small corporations rather than large as he set out to bust monopolies including JP Morgan and his quest for the New England railroads.

Cuba and US relations essays

Cuba and US relations essays In the early 1900s, Cuba was a stomping ground for many of the rich and famous from the United States. Many famous movies stars and wealthy business entrepreneurs spend their vacations there along with a substantial amount of money. Trade and commerce between the United States and Cuba flowed freely and abundantly. Even with the Dictatorship-like regime of Batista, the countries benefited from the economic trade between them. This was all about to come crashing down as revolts against Batista occurred and Fidel Castro came to power within Cuba. It was after Castro took power that the United States changed its way in which it dealt with Cuba dramatically. The United States decided it would place major sanctions against Cuba and would try to cut Castro off of dealing with not only the United States, but any other country the US dealt with as well. It was during this time that the Cold War was in its adolescence stage and the United States was doing everything in its power to make sure that smaller, third world countries did not become communist or even associate themselves with the Soviet Union in any way. One of the reasons sanctions were placed against Cuba was that during the revolution against Batista, research was done into Castros background and it was shown that two of his lieutenants; Ernesto Che Guevara and Fidels brother Raul, were said to be communists. The research also led one to believe that even though Castro might not be a Marxist-Leninist, he was a Soviet sympathizer . After more in-depth research into Castros background, it was shown that he had no ties in any way to the Communist nor did he even have much sympathy for it. These sanctions were put into place against Cuba as Fidel Castro came into power in 1959 and have not seen any real changes up to the present time. The reason the United States implemented these sanctions against Cuba were for a couple of reasons....

Bill Gates essays

Bill Gates essays William (Bill) H. Gates III was born on October 28, 1955, shortly after 9:00 p.m., in Seattle, Washington. He lived in Seattle with his two sisters and father, William H. Gates II who was a Seattle attorney, and the late Mary Gates who was a schoolteacher. She was also the chairwoman of the United Way International and a University of Washington regent. While his father was a prominent lawyer, his great-grandfather was a mayor, state legislator, and president of a national bank. As a young boy, Bill attended a public elementary school before attending the private Lakeside School in Northern Seattle. It was there where Bill fell in love with computers, and at the age of 13 he began his career in programming computers and personal computer software. The reason why Bill was later transferred to Lakeside was because he was born into a family with a history of business, politics, and community service, so it was no surprise that Bill inherited all those qualities which made it easier for him to quickly surpass all of his peers in all subjects, including science and math. So it was there at Lakeside that Bill was able to concentrate on computers, which benefited him greatly down the road. Back in the 1960s, computers were too large and costly for Lakeside prep to purchase its own, so instead they raised the money through a fundraiser and bought computer time on a mega computer owned by General Electric. It was there that Bill and his good friend, Paul Allen, and a few other Lakeside students became addicted to this computer. All day and night they would write programs, read computer literature, and do anything else that was computer related. While they spent all this time working with this computer, problems started to arise with the faculty at Lakeside. They skipped classes, either turned in their homework late or not at all, and they also used up all of the schools computer time in just a short amount of t...

Free Essays on Till Death Do Us Part

How would you characterize Micah and Rachel’s marriage? What factors can you recognize that may contribute to the quality of their relationship in later adulthood? Although it is quite difficult to characterize a marriage that spanned over 45yrs, based on a short synopsis, Micah and Rachel’s marriage could be characterized as a â€Å"Successful† one. In short, it showed qualities of Strength, Trust/Unity, Devotion and Communication. One can begin to make some assumptions about their relationship based on the Lifespan perspective â€Å"which analyzes the change within people from conception to deathâ€Å" (Byrne, 2004, p3). One example of a normative event in life is the process of aging. If it weren’t for their age/stage, commonly termed later adulthood, Micah and Rachel would not be discussing death nor would they have been able to come to terms with the realities in dealing with death. The stroke has caused them to reevaluate the control they have over their lives. Abraham Maslow’s (1954) humanistic perspective explains that a person’s perception of self is in fact, their reality. (as cited in Byrne, 2004 ). Thus, Micah and Rachel’s goal to be well prepared for end of life issues motivated them to move forward and proceed with certain decisions. Rarely is this common amongst cohorts of younger generations. It is in dealing with Micah’s stroke, a non-normative event in their lives, are the qualities of their marriage made apparent Trust/Unity- With this, it can be assumed that the relationship has grown into a sort of team and is a prime example of their unity in their decision making. The fact that they were able to make decisions together rather than independently regarding the party, the funeral arrangements, and different ways of spending time together, shows the interdependence between the two. The use of the word ‘they’ boldly impacts the reader. Strength- the fact that they were able to make firm stands about their... Free Essays on Till Death Do Us Part Free Essays on Till Death Do Us Part How would you characterize Micah and Rachel’s marriage? What factors can you recognize that may contribute to the quality of their relationship in later adulthood? Although it is quite difficult to characterize a marriage that spanned over 45yrs, based on a short synopsis, Micah and Rachel’s marriage could be characterized as a â€Å"Successful† one. In short, it showed qualities of Strength, Trust/Unity, Devotion and Communication. One can begin to make some assumptions about their relationship based on the Lifespan perspective â€Å"which analyzes the change within people from conception to deathâ€Å" (Byrne, 2004, p3). One example of a normative event in life is the process of aging. If it weren’t for their age/stage, commonly termed later adulthood, Micah and Rachel would not be discussing death nor would they have been able to come to terms with the realities in dealing with death. The stroke has caused them to reevaluate the control they have over their lives. Abraham Maslow’s (1954) humanistic perspective explains that a person’s perception of self is in fact, their reality. (as cited in Byrne, 2004 ). Thus, Micah and Rachel’s goal to be well prepared for end of life issues motivated them to move forward and proceed with certain decisions. Rarely is this common amongst cohorts of younger generations. It is in dealing with Micah’s stroke, a non-normative event in their lives, are the qualities of their marriage made apparent Trust/Unity- With this, it can be assumed that the relationship has grown into a sort of team and is a prime example of their unity in their decision making. The fact that they were able to make decisions together rather than independently regarding the party, the funeral arrangements, and different ways of spending time together, shows the interdependence between the two. The use of the word ‘they’ boldly impacts the reader. Strength- the fact that they were able to make firm stands about their...

The money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The money - Essay Example As I never witnessed any struggle for money, I thought money comes easily and could not understand why people keep pondering over the thoughts to be rich and wealthy, when it is so easy to get money! As any child of the similar status I also framed the impression that money is happiness and if I have money I am able to do anything to accomplish my aspirations. As time passed, my understanding changed. I was quite aware about myself, started perceiving things from a different outlook. My thoughts started shaping my psychology. My domain enhanced, I started meeting people belonging to different economical spheres. I met individuals not from a similar background and status but those who have witnessed the true struggle of life and have come up. They seem to be relatively mature, adaptable, full of empathy and human values. They were quite efficient and never wasted money on ineffective and worthless deeds. I discerned, their psychology was different, could be because they are being brought up in an environment where life did not show much mercy and procuring money was tough. There was another group of people who enjoyed harassing people and used to draw pleasure out of this. Money and power corrupts that I heard but this group made me an onlooker for the same. With time my knowledge about the world, circumstances and situations is enhancing and it is a continuous process, I believe this is what we call maturity. My family atmosphere never inculcated the notion and concept to misuse money for power. I observed every aspect of life from happiness to suffering of people. Watch the happenings around the world on television, read in the newspaper, what a chaos! Where are we heading? People are wealthy but do not have empathy, everyone seems to be in some rush, a haste to be wealthy, a haste to own all materialistic objects, people are obsessed. Today, inhabitants want to earn and

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Taxation - Essay Example Rights conferred to a partner by a partnership interest are as follows: Basis refers to the asset or liability value based on the rules in accounting and taxation. Partnership comprises of two varieties of basis; outside and inside basis. Inside basis encompasses the tax records computed for each partner in the partnership. It is the sum of initial investment and profits, fewer losses and distributions. The outside basis refers to shares that cost the partner as outlined by the tax rules. It begins with sum of original investments and profits fewer losses and distributions. It depends on the worth of investment in partnership. The inside basis describes the assets in partnership for tax purposes while the outside basis depicts the capital account for taxation in partnership (Glover & Wasserman, 2003) A flow-through entity refers to a business entity, which passes income to the owners or to the investors. Such entities limit taxation by preventing double taxation, with the taxation of owners/ investors. Examples of flow-through entities include limited partnership, limited liability partnership, the S corporations, limited liability companies, income trusts, and general partnerships. Some of the advantages of the flow through entity over the regular corporation is that income, deductions or loses pass on to the shareholders on the pro-Rata basis commensuration with the ownership percentage. It reduces the chances of double taxation (Schlesinger, 2007). The generated income results from the work performed by the owners instead of the property owned by the corporation. On the other hand, regular corporations entail the shareholders risking their investment and the computation of income taxes results based on set procedures and records. The S corporations do not pay the federal income taxes. The losses and income distribute among the stakeholders who report the loss or income to personal income tax returns (Schlesinger, 2007). The common

Teen Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teen Pregnancy - Essay Example And we've mentioned this entire thing, but haven't said anything about the mental and health side of such babies. (East & Felice, 1996) It is more likely that a child would have a mental disorder or some physical defect and so on. Well, teen's pregnancy and then parenthood is a significant problem of modern society. It has an impact on the success in career of the teen mothers but they are considered a burden to the rest of the nation, because they need social help and also the help of the parents of these extremely young mothers in bearing the child. It is in case the mother chooses to leave a baby to herself, but another way out for them is quite widespread - they just give the child to an orphan-asylum. There is an opinion that a significant reason of this problem is the older men who have sex with young girls. But this has no proof yet, because too little study was made on the topic. (East & Felice, 1996) Nowadays a tendency to declining of birth rate amongst teens is observed and this is due to increase of condom use and to abstinence. Many sexually active teenagers use double contraceptive: condoms with birth control pills. Also delay in having a sex plays a great role in teens' birth control. But the government and teachers all over the country is against the policy of promoting the contraceptives and think that the only right and suitable policy is promoting of abstinence. Following this policy teachers should promote the delay of sexual life beginning, and should declare on the lessons that premarital sex leads not only to unintended pregnancy but also to the S.T.D. (Rodriguez & Moore, 1995) But on the other hand, experts are against such teaching behavior, saying that it is wrong approach to protect teens and that they wouldn't follow this advice. The problem is that there are always teenagers who would not listen to it and wouldn't remain abstinent. In this case a promotion of contraceptives is necessary as a way of avoiding pregnancy and different diseases. If a youngster will hear only about abstinence or only the negative information about sex and contraceptives he is more likely not to use any protection at all. (Rodriguez & Moore, 1995) There was one American study which has shown that the teens who had promised not to have a sex until marriage and then had broken the promise and have unprotected sex and then become pregnant. The paradox is that those who don't declare virginity stay virgin much longer than those who do promise it. There is also another opinion that promoting abstinence and contraceptives at the same time is mixed information. Because this confuses the teens and the do not understand the attitude of the society to this sphere of life: they should do it with protection or they shouldn't do it at all. (Bissell, 2000, p. 191) One more thing is that teen girls can't define sex appropriately: the think oral and anal sex is OK if they couldn't become pregnant this way, and consider themselves virgins as they don't have a vaginal sex. So the meanings are very chaotic. (Bissell, 2000, p. 191) In 1996 a bill was approved by which the government gave

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example the community as well as that of its employees, being honest in their operations and ensuring that their operations do not harm the community, its environment or its economy. These obligations ensure that organizations uphold integrity in their operations and benefit their immediate societies (Paetzold, 2009). The approach of the second organization has several advantages that include creating a positive image of the organization to the public. Additionally, this approach can be used as a marketing strategy to reach more potential customers. The main advantage of the approach taken by the first organization is that it minimizes on costs. However, the approach may create a negative image of the organization. An organization’s responsibilities within a community differ from an individual’s responsibilities in several ways. While an organization is liable for all the actions that its employees take on its behalf, this is not the case with individual responsibilities. This makes the responsibilities of an organization to have a wider scope than those of individuals. Additionally, an organization, unlike individuals, risks incurring huge financial losses if it fails to observe its responsibilities. Individual responsibilities, on the other hand, have little financial or economic bearings on individuals (Paetzold,

Human Rights Campaign Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Rights Campaign - Research Paper Example Human Rights campaign has two functional divisions and one is called HRC Foundation and it primarily focuses on research activities and educating people on how the nature of human rights is changing in the modern era of the 21st century. The second division goes by the name of Human Rights Campaign and it works as a political action group that looks to support the rights of suppressed people with the help of nonviolent demonstrations and moments. Additionally, it is engaged in the application of power politics so that it can pressurize the political leadership of the countries to respond favorably towards their demands.  The most powerful people in the world often say that the NGOs come down to blackmailing when they have something to obtain. The story of HRC is not expected to be different in this regard. The NGO has to use every means to grow its political power in order to remain effective with respect to the attainment of its goals. The HRC is a non-profit organization and it i s majorly funded by people at top positions who support its ideology. The political action committee is also responsible for raising funds for sponsoring the operations of the organization. HRC is also engaged in working against hate and abhorrence based crimes in society. Furthermore, it is supporting multiple awareness campaigns that are designed in order to tell people about sources of contracting HIV and AIDS. The group is guiding people about ways in which these deadly diseases can be avoided. The organization is fundamentally focusing to promote the habit of having safe sex and clean blood transfusion because these are the most common reasons for abovementioned conditions.

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example the community as well as that of its employees, being honest in their operations and ensuring that their operations do not harm the community, its environment or its economy. These obligations ensure that organizations uphold integrity in their operations and benefit their immediate societies (Paetzold, 2009). The approach of the second organization has several advantages that include creating a positive image of the organization to the public. Additionally, this approach can be used as a marketing strategy to reach more potential customers. The main advantage of the approach taken by the first organization is that it minimizes on costs. However, the approach may create a negative image of the organization. An organization’s responsibilities within a community differ from an individual’s responsibilities in several ways. While an organization is liable for all the actions that its employees take on its behalf, this is not the case with individual responsibilities. This makes the responsibilities of an organization to have a wider scope than those of individuals. Additionally, an organization, unlike individuals, risks incurring huge financial losses if it fails to observe its responsibilities. Individual responsibilities, on the other hand, have little financial or economic bearings on individuals (Paetzold,

The importance of logistics to the operation of supermarkets Essay

The importance of logistics to the operation of supermarkets - Essay Example This is because if the products are not made available to these supermarkets, there would be no customers who will visit them in the first place. What this means in essence is the need to realize that supermarkets of today have to rely a great deal on how these logistics shape up the related avenues and how the same will mean success for the related domains. Internationally, logistics and transportation play a vital role in forecasting, production planning and materials planning as it is the bridge for all these things to occur in the first place within any supermarket chain. If any of these supply chain processes need to occur and that too in a quick manner, the need of the hour is to devise ways and means through which the logistics amongst the channel members speeds up and this is only possible if there is goodwill and understanding between the different parties who are at varied levels of the trade structure (Levy, 1995). They have to comprehend that the other party will profit t hem and thus the whole logistics process would automatically fasten up as a result within the supermarkets. ... drastically cut and there is a huge benefit for all the parties concerned and more than that the customers themselves as they are the ones who get the best value for money within the supermarkets. If they receive a competing product with the same quality and value levels but at a low price, they will definitely go for it and make it their habit to buy it from some other supermarket chain (Ebert, 1990). This would reduce costs as well as improve customer service because then this supermarket would think that if it provides better value for money, people will throng the supermarket for the goods offered by it and hence more sale will be made, both in the short term as well as in the long run. Thus it benefits both the parties – at the logistics level and the customers who come back and forth to buy the products offered by the supermarkets. A Rundown on Logistics and Different Activities The question here is as to how logistic activities could benefit the supermarket in the long run, we find that high level of service for the international logistic supermarkets needs to focus on the aspects related with doing the things right rather than just devising what has to be done. Onus should be on doing what exactly needs to be done for the betterment of the trade activities. They must build strong and solid relationships with the different channel members that include the distributors, wholesalers, retailers and other third party vendors. In doing so they ensure that they build strong rapport with them and all of them are linked in a web with each other (Varey, 2001). The support for each other stems from the fact that one party understands the concerns of the other one and hence tries to do its best to make the goods available within the supermarkets as and when the need

The Ruins by Scott Smith Essay Example for Free

The Ruins by Scott Smith Essay The Ruins by Scott Smith is a remarkably thrilling horror novel published in 2006, which has been transformed into a major motion picture in 2008 with a similar title. Scott Smith is an American writer who was educated at Dartmouth College and Columbia University. His style of writing almost has this immense power that can invisibly hold anybody in suspense. Racing through pages , readers will not be able to put the book down until they find out what happens next, even after spending eight or nine hours of reading time. With its disturbing sense of horror and the feeling of reality combined with a mystery that can hardly be solved, The Ruins will definitely appeal to young people especially teenagers, whose curiosity can often lead them to plenty of endless yet dangerous adventures. This is a spine-chilling story about a group of five young Americans on vacation, who are passing through a densely dark jungle, leading their ways from Coba an extremely remote area of Mexico to a Mayan village. The fun and laughter of a day trip starts to twist into an absolute nightmare, as they bump themselves into some ancient ruins in the middle of nowhere. Once they have made their steps up the ruins, crossing the border between a hill and an empty clearing, they had no choice but to keep going without turning back. Suddenly becoming captive on this hilltop with almost no food, no water, no shelters or support, the five young adults have to find another way to survive, if not making their ways back down and getting killed by the Mayans rifles and bows. With plenty of human corpses being discovered later on, whom died with their flesh and bones ripped into pieces by tons of green vines and a type of blood-red flowers, the Americans slowly realise that it is the end of their journey, where only death can put a full stop to everything. After days of trying escape, hoping and fighting against nature, one die after another, leaving no marks of their arrival, with their body being buried deep down into the Earth, covered with the long green vines, which have revealed themselves to a cold blooded killer. Being set out in the wild of Mexico, the story has the smell of a humid day with rough soil, damp trees sap and wild flowers, lingering in the air. The entire environment densely covered with trees shades and flourishing undergrowths seems to become so alive through Scott Smiths descriptive writing. With the use of vivid adjectives and lively details, depicting a vibrant but deadly outcast of a Mexican jungle, the author has succeeded in creating a three dimensional setting, where readers senses can be fully awakened. Personally, I was completely amazed by how realistic the setting seemed when reading the novel. I could easily imagine the eerie atmosphere surrounding the characters when passing through ceilings of canopies and the exhaustion of a hot and dusty summer day. I could feel the grip of fright and terror in their escapes from the deadly vines with their burning acidic sap, or the pain drilling through their skins as the vines pull away their strips of flesh. The way Scott Smith has maintained the suspense and tension through out the whole novel is magnificent with the use of short sentences, together with applying flows of characters personal thinking. Besides, he has gone into describing in detail how the fear of each character travelled through different stages. This effect has successfully driven the readers to race through lines and to flap over pages as fast as possible. There have been times when I felt like holding my breath, pushing myself to finish another page, which just kept going. Moreover, the method of eliminating the use of chapters or parts, keeping the story moving is indeed, very clever. Scott Smith has managed to fascinate readers, particularly, myself, making them to keep reading on and on and gradually get swept into an endless journey full of horror and panic. Finally, as strange as it might sound, it is the frustration caused by the immaturity and impatience of the characters, which indeed, keeps me interested until the very end of the novel. By including different personal thoughts of different characters along the story lines, the author has portrayed very realistically how stupidly people at the very early stage of their lives, without much experience and self-control, would react under such circumstances. For example, how the two female characters kept panicking and blaming themselves as well as others for their current situation or how the group leader, so impatiently and blindly, led everyone into a path that had been covered and hidden on purpose at the beginning. In the end, it is a very valuable lesson about patience, care and teamwork which has been embraced by Scott Smith. With the great fear that will long haunt its readers, The Ruins should be considered to be not only one of the first top ten books but also one of the best horror novels of the century, which has made its way through many other great publications to be one of the National Bestsellers of the United States.

An Introduction To Counselling Psychology Essay

An Introduction To Counselling Psychology Essay Within this essay, the key concepts and principles of the person centred approach to counselling will be evaluated and discussed on how they inform and influence a person centred approach to counselling. Person centred theory or person centred counselling is the theory of counselling which originated from Carl Rogers. Originally this type of counselling was also known as a nondirective approach to therapy or client centred therapy (Gladding, 2011). Zimring and Raskin (1992, cited in Tudor et al, 2004)) did a review on the history of the person centred approach and divided the first fifty years of counselling into four main periods of the approach. However, this essay will consider the first two periods of the history within the Rogers theory of counselling. Zimring and Raskin (1992, cited in Tudor et al, 2004) claim that the first period begins in 1940 with Rogers presenting to a University his thoughts on newer concepts to psychotherapy; this was subsequently published two years later. The two characteristics of the first phase to the approach is the therapists role which would be the responses towards the client and the clients feelings which are distinct from the content, and secondly, the acceptance, recognition and the clarification of feelings whether they were positive, negative or ambivalent (Tudor et al, 2004, p. 21). This would explain and possible influence one of the three core conditions of unconditional positive regard that Rogers developed within the therapeutic relationship, which will be discussed in more depth further on within this piece of work. The second phase began in 1950 where Rogers outlines the framework and structure of the client centred approach and his hypothesis for therapy and therapeutic change. More significant within this decade was Rogers hypothesis of the six necessary and sufficient conditions of a clients personality change and personal growth. Although until recently it was believed that, only the core conditions needed to be present for positive change to occur (reference). However, before this essay discusses the six necessary and sufficient conditions for change to occur, the three key concepts that are the underpinning to the person centred approach need to be addressed in depth. The first of which is the organisms. Although Rogers was a careful writer, he took the idea of the organism for granted that within his written work it is suggested that he saw no need to define the organism when writing about the key theoretical concepts or constructs to the person centred approach (Tudor et al, 2004). Rogers believed that the inner core of a mans personality is the organism itself, which is essentially both self-preserving and social (Tudor et al, 2004, p.25). Rogers also asserted that the characteristic of the organism has a basic tendency and strives to actualise, maintain, and enhance the experience of the organism (Rogers, 2003). According to Tudor et al (2004) the actualising tendency or AT is at times conceptualised as something solid and separate to the organism, therefore, to prevent any misconceptions within this essay it shall refer to the actualising tendency as the organisms tendency to actualise which is perceived as a characteristic of the organism. Rogers has associated the organisms tendency to actualise Incongruence between self-concept and the experience of self is denied and distorted Through the Rogers definition of the organism as mentioned previously, the description of the organism is the individual person or client and is not to be confused with the self. The self is believed to be the personality of the said organism and holds the feelings, opinions and the values of the individual (Tudor et al, 2004) person. These are two completely different aspects of the person centred approach, however, they can arguably be perceived for exactly the same entity, and not two separate entities as Rogers intended. Rogers understood this and described the self as taking shape when the organism or individual acknowledges and accepts that they are who they are and this is their personality. This process according to Rogers clearly observed within the first two years of an infants life, (Tudor et al, 2004) and the conditions of worth that are created at this point in development would be shaped by the parental influence and carried on further into the individuals adult life as a concept of self or the self-concept. Conditions of worth are manifested from the positive regard or conditional regard received by the infant from either a parental influence or significant other, thus the conditions of worth within the self becomes embedded in the child. When referring to a significant other it is meant as someone other than the parent whom providers care for the infant within this time of development (reference). In the event of the self receiving conditions of worth, it embodies the external or internal locus of evaluation. The individuals external or internal locus of evaluation. Frame of reference However, the clients frame of reference can also connote the moment-by-moment awareness that the client experiences (Worsley, 2001). It is apparent that the person centred counsellor does not have a model for child development as the simple phrase conditions of worth which Rogers termed, encompass the entirety of the developing child (McLeod, 2009). The process of counselling has positives, just as equally as every other profession does. The function of counselling is aimed at overcoming any negative qualities, which the client may have, and highlights all the positive qualities a client has. Rogers believed that all people were good and every person has the right to be psychological well-being. Also counselling whatever theoretical approach is used as a basis is to increase a clients responsibility and for them to make positive choices that assist them to feel, think and act effectively within todays society (Colledge, 2002). The counsellors role within the client relationship is to provide emotional warmth where the client can experience a feeling of safety and can see oneself objectively without any emotional complications. The counsellor provides a genuine alter ego that accepts the clients self as he / she has known it to be, and accepts the distorted and denied self with the same depth of warmth and respect, thus, the client can equally accept both aspects of the self (Rogers, 2003). The counsellor provides the client with an empathetic understanding, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. Congruence within the therapeutic relationship is highly important and beneficial to the therapeutic relationship, however, Colledge (2002) argued, that if counsellors congruence within themselves is at a low level the counsellor could not trust their own intuition during the counselling session. However, it is suggested that a therapeutic relationship thats characterised by the core conditions (congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regard) help strengthen the clients self and encourage clients to talk openly about feelings as the counsellor is the active listener and values them and their opinions. Although, very few studies have been conducted to support this, Bachelor (1988 cited in Bozarth Wilkins, 2001, 3rd Edition) conducted a study that supported this hypothesis. The study showed that the clients who felt understood, accepted, non-judged and valued from the counsellor, experienced more self-validation and found it safer to self disclosure and would explore deeper levels of emotions and perceptions within themselves. Within the client counsellor relationship, it is suggested that the counsellors role is to provide amongst various things, for example, a safe environment and unconditional positive regard. This is one of the three core conditions required to provide a positive change within the client, furthermore, unconditional positive regard directly disrupts any conditions of worth by the positive regard of parental or significant others: the counsellor values the client irrespective of the clients conforming to any conditions of worth (Mearns Thorne, 2010) the client may have. The core conditions of unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence and the six necessary and sufficient conditions the client experiences within the therapeutic relationship between the client and counsellor has proved invaluable and aids the seven stage process to therapeutic movement (Rogers, 2003) within the organism or the organismic self. Furthermore, Rogers emphasised that the six necessary and sufficient conditions are the key to establish the counselling relationship and for therapeutic growth to occur successfully. Rogers published these in 1957 which are that two people need to be in psychological contact, which means that the people would need to be on the same journey together, the second condition would be that the client would be in the state of incongruence between self and the self-concept, and be vulnerable and anxious. Naturally, this would be the case as a person only seeks counselling if they are in any form of conflict. The third condition stated that the therapist has or for a better choice of word, counsellor, is congruent and united within the therapeutic relationship. The fourth and fifth necessary and sufficient condition is the core conditions of unconditional positive regard and an empathic understanding of the clients frame of reference. Lastly the sixth condition Rogers stated that the therapists empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard would be the minimal to be communicated to the client. Although the sixth condition could be argued as it is in conflict with Rogers first statement, that the following six fundamental conditions, which he (Rogers) regarded as both necessary and sufficient à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in which therapeutic growth and personality change could occur (Rogers, 1957, cited in Casemore, 2011). However, it can be said that the first condition plays a pivotal role, as the other five conditions revolve around psychological contact meaning that the counselling journey is a relationship and not two people being in the same room together. Thus to reiterate, counselling will not be effective if the client does not experience the counsellors empathy or the unconditional positive regard for them. Although the process of therapeutic growth and change seems meek when written down the process is perhaps a painful and courageous journey the client takes and cannot be fully understood. However, Rogers wanted to gain some understanding and developed his theory of the seven stages of process. The seven stages of process Rogers saw as a flowing continuum and not rigid or fixed but rather a process which will develop but can at any stage be relapsed upon. A brief outline of this process is as follows, the first stage the client would go into counselling extremely resistant to change and defensive, which at this stage, and the client would be highly unlikely to enter into counselling. Stage two, the client is perceived as less rigid and would talk about the external events or other people surrounding their lives. Within stage three, the most likely time the client would seek counselling; they would express themselves as an object and avoid any discussions relating to present events. Within stage four, the client will develop a rapport with the counsellor and talk deeply about emotions. Stage five the client expresses present emotions, begins to rely upon their decision-making, and lives their life in the existential way of being. In other words, increasingly accepts more responsibility for their own actions. Stage six the client growth towards congruence is rapid and they begin to develop unconditional positive regard for others. This stage could also be the signal that formal therapy is ending, as there is no need for it to continue. Finally stage seven according to Rogers the client is self-actualising, shows empathy, unconditional positive regard, and is now living phenomenological. As mentioned above, existential and phenomenological is linked to the person centred approach as it could be suggested that this is the root to what Rogers was implying when expressing the development of the client in person centred therapy and to how they would live life (Casemore, 2011). To conclude this piece of work has explained how Rogers theory informs and influences the counselling practice within todays society. It has discussed in detail the organism and the self and referred to the six necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change and where the link is between existential and the phenomenological principles to the person centred approach to counselling. Words 2000 / 2800

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great Gatsby

Man dreams of living the life of the elite social class and of the power and admiration inherent within. F. Scott Fitzgerald comes to terms with this American dream in The Great Gatsby, a novel about social life in the 1920’s. The social hierarchy of the times plays a very important role in this novel. Here Fitzgerald illustrates three specific social classes: old money, new money, and lower class, with old money and new money taking center stage. Gatsby himself personifies new money; he made himself into a rich man through shady dealings. Tom Buchanan, on the other hand, represents old money. He received everything he has on a silver platter. He earned nothing but his inheritance. At the time, it was extremely desirable to be old money, because people looked at new money as vulgar and uncivilized. By illustrating social-economic class differences, Fitzgerald depicts the illusion of the corrupted American dream. Old money, living in the guise of the American dream, denies the entrance of new money and the lower class into their social hierarchy. In the novel, Tom has a mistress who lives in the "valley of ashes," where most of the lower class citizens reside. Tom has been seeing her for years even though he married Daisy. No one objects to this because of his old money status. On page 19, Jordan Baker informs Nick of this scandal, "Why- Tom’s got some woman in New York." Jordan also informs Nick of the commonality and wide acceptance of this fact. Tom’s ...

Essay --

Lisette Galvan Outlining - Position Paper Title: Should the Level of Immigration Be Heightened and Border Security Tightened? Thesis statement : I truly believe that the level of immigration should be increased but only with the exception that border security should be better utilized. If people from other countries want to better their lives here and agree to â€Å"play by the rules† then it should be allowed and put into law. Immigration seems to a big issue these days in America.The main concern that many Americans have is that immigrants will swipe the available jobs that are offered here and will consequently leave the natural born citizens with nothing. The idea that drug dealers and terrorists are more prevalent to enter the country is also a strong fear. There are obviously many in the U.S. who are here illegally that should not be but there should be a way that they can earn citizenship. Essay Map If someone is not of Native American descent, their ancestors are immigrants. The economy will improve Border Security needs to be stronger. Immigration reform should be put in...

Native Americans of Chesapeake Bay

The Native American group in the Chesapeake Bay region was known collectively as the Powhatan Federation of Indians. Powhatan also refers to the Algonquin Indian chief that lived and ruled in the region around the early 17th century. The Algonquians were a deeply religious group of people subsisted primarily through agriculture. The natives referred to the area as Tsenacommacah. Powhatan was the weroance, or chief ruler of Tsenacommacah and 25 other Algonquin villages. Powhatan would play a significant role with the 104 men from the Virginia company that made up the settlement of Jamestown.Powhatan agreed to an alliance with the settlers, Powhatan would provide the colonists with foodstuffs in exchange for guns, hatchets, and swords. Powhatan hoped this alliance would make him technologically superior over his people’s enemies. The following is a quote from Powhatan recorded by John smith in 1609; â€Å"I am not so simple as not to know it is better to eat good meat, sleep co mfortably, live quietly with my women and children, laugh and be merry with the English, and being their friend, trade for their copper and hatchets, than to run away from them. (Smithsonian source, 2012) Joint stock companies were business corporations that amassed capital through sales of stock to investors. Joint stock companies were the forerunners for modern day corporations. The Virginia Company was a joint stock venture that funded the settlement at Jamestown. Colonies required ongoing capital investments and the lack of immediate returns created tensions between stockholders and the colonists. Although investors were expecting great returns, there was great risk and start up costs, and could take years to recoup their money.With an excess landless population to serve as workers, and motivated, adventurous, or devout investors, the joint-stock company became the vehicle by which England finally settled the Western Hemisphere. The first joint stock company to launch its ventur e in the new world was The Virginia Company of London. In 1607 The Virginia Company established the first colony along the Chesapeake bay in what is now modern day Virginia. The new colony was called Jamestown, named after King James I. The colonists arrived in the midst of the worse drought in 1,700 years, and life in the new world was hard from the get go.The settlement at Jamestown was on a swampy peninsula located in the middle of a river. The colonists proved to be ill equipped for survival, and many fell victim to starvation and disease. In attempts to ease the colonists struggle for food ,Captain John Smith made a deal with the weroance. The Powhatan would help the colonists acquire food in exchange for weaponry. This deal was short lasting, as mutual mistrust built on both sides. The weroance relocated his primary village to an area not easily accessible to the colonists. The colonists struggled greatly without Powhatan’s help, and soon were driven to starvation.This time of hardship for the colonists was referred to as the â€Å"starving time. † The situation was very bleak for the colonists, and the starving time lasted from 1609-1610. Throughout the colonists year long struggle for survival many died, and one colonist resorted to cannibalism. This was the beginning of a bloody history that ensued between the colonists and the Powhatan people. In the spring of 1610 a new wave of settlers came to Jamestown, and brought with them more supplies. Around 1613, and in attempts to gain the upper hand , the colonists kidnapped Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas.During her captivity she was converted to Christianity and married settler John Rolfe. This event helped to further sour the relationship between the two groups. The two also could not come to terms on each others ideas of property rights, gender roles, and religion. The colonists thought the Powhatan were lazy because they did not cultivate crops, conversely the Powhatan thought the colonists effeminate for doing so. Perhaps the biggest cause for dispute was the colonists superiority complex, in which they expected full cooperation from the native people to convert to Christianity and adopt English customs.Around 1620 Jamestown finally began to prosper through tobacco cultivation and exportation. Opechancanough, Powhatan’s brother, and successor, watched as the colonists expanded and attempted to convert the natives to Christianity. This angered Opechancanough, and in March of 1622 he attacked, killing 347 colonists. The Powhatans indiscriminately attacked, men, women, and children, mutilating many of their corpses. Although the colonists were surprised at the treachery of the Powhatans, a decade and a half of hatred fueled the natives call for vengeance.The massacre was a terrible loss to the settlers, but still they persevered. A short time had passed until the settlers inflicted massive retaliation on the Powhatans. One of the colonists wrote, â€Å" Now we have just cause to destroy them by all means possible, it is more easy to civilize them by conquest than faire meanest. † (Schwarz,1997) The two sides continued their brutal onslaught for the next ten years, and in 1632 an ill advised cease-fire was agreed upon. However, in 1644 the Powhatans attacked one last time, killing several more hundred settlers.In 1646 the Powhatans surrendered for good, but the bloody history and interaction of the two will never be forgotten. Norton, M. B. , Sheriff, C. , Blight, D. W. , Chudacoff, H. P. , Logevall, F. , Bailey, B. (2012), A people & a nation, a history of the united states (Vol. 1) Ninth edition. Boston, MA, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Schwarz, Frederic D. â€Å" Massacre. † American Heritage Feb. -Mar. 1997 US History Collection. Web. 1 Apr. 2012Smith, John. (nd). Smithsonian Source. In Resources for teaching American History. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from http://www. smithsoniansource. org/.

The Soldier X

In â€Å"Soldier X,† by Don Wulffson, lies a boy who was drafted into the German army at age 15. His birth name was Erik Brandt, but after his second battle in Russia, he switched his clothes with a Russian Soldier to stay alive. When he entered the enemy lines, he was known to others as Aleksandr Dukhanov, serial number K487944. Two Hundred Twentieth Armored Division. But, he hated being called that. So, Nikolai Mikhailovich, his friend (the injured man who lost both of his legs and was the patient right next to X), came up with a new name for him. X. He meets nurses named Tamara, Katrina, and Zoya. There was a mental patient, who pretended to be the hospital's only guard was named, Sergio. When the Germans attack the hospital's town, all the patients, doctors, and nurses try to escape to another field hospital. But, as the trucks left, Katrina was shot. X, Tamara, Zoya, and Sergio were knocked out of the truck. They ran. But, Zoya died along the way. Then, later on, Sergio was shot by a German. X and Tamara, continued on their journey, making friends and making enemies. The journey they take is their only way to find their freedoms. First, does war bring out the best in some people and the worst in others? Yes, war does bring out the best in people. When a bomb might've exploded a building, some people might run in and see if there is anybody still alive and help them. But, that doesn't mean war doesn't bring the worst in people either. People react to war in different ways. Some might react the right way and become better people then they were before. Or they might react in the wrong way and become a horrible person then they were before. When in war, soldiers might fight for the right thing and some might fight for the wrong thing. Some soldiers might fight for what they love. Their families and friends or the people who love them back. Or they fight for themselves. Not thinking of others in any way. Sometimes people could change for the better. Or sometimes people could change for the worse. In â€Å"Soldier X†, when Tamara and X were injured from escaping the hospital attack, they walked for days. They went up to a house and the father wouldn't help them, but their daughter gave bread and apples to them. Then when the got to a town Klatovy, Czechoslovakia, a car went by. They asked for help and the lady named, Elena Novak let them stay in her home until her hometown was attacked by the Russians and the Germans. She gave the food, water and a place to sleep. A quote to support my thinking is, â€Å"Tamara got to her feet. She was bone-thin, pale, and wheezing. ‘You're ill,† said the women in her sort of lilting German. I leaned forward, down to the open window. ‘Please help us,' I said. ‘We are so tired and hungry and we can't think straight anymore.' ‘Who are you?' ‘We are from a medical unit,' I answered. ‘I don't know where any of the others are. I think most of them are dead.' Little blue eyes in a big pink face looked us over. Gear shifted raggedly. ‘Well, we can't have you dead, too!' she said. ‘Come, come. Get in the car.' We got in.† (p.176-p.177) Even though there was a war going on around Elena Novak's home, she still gave others a home as well. Even though she didn't know X or Tamara, she still knew that it was the right thing to do. The right thing to do was help them. In the beginning of the book, after X and the other German soldiers were defeated by the Russians, Russian soldiers would go and stab either the dead or wounded of the enemy. Making sure that the Germans were dead. A quote from the book to support my thinking, â€Å"I heard someone pleading in German—then another shot. I belly-crawled a half meter and peered out. What I saw sickened me and terrified me. A Russian officer was methodically seeking out the German wounded and shooting them. A lumbering oaf of a foot soldier, using a bayonet, was dispatching other Germans. He seemed to be enjoying what he was doing. And many of those he was bayoneting looked already dead; he was just making sure.† (p. 74)When X was in the hospital, X met a blurring friend named Nikolai. Nikolai later lost both of his legs. He was like the father X never had. When X left the hospital, he left his father-figure behind. X also met two nurses who were his friends. Katrina and Zoya. They were the ones who let Tamara stay in their house. When they were killed, those were the pieces of Tamara that she could never forget. Sergio, the pretend guard of the hospital made it out of the Hospital attack but was killed by a German during their journey. Even though in his mind he was gone, he still had good intentions in helping X and Tamara survive. Elena, who gave them a place to call home for a few days was the person who really made the impact on their journey. If X and Tamara hadn't met Elena, they probably wouldn't have completed their journey to their freedoms. But, they also met a blurring enemy. Before they met Elena, they needed food and water. So, when they were in line.

A History of German Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A History of German - Essay Example Past events that occurred in Germany have affected the current political and economic status of Germany. The economy is still a boost and has been ranked fourth and the politics are still the same, with the country been headed by a president and a chancellor. Due to the effects of the cold war, Germany has improved and the current unification of the 1990 has boosted the status of the nation. As the oldest European nation, Germany has a history that began during the interplay between the German tribes and the Roman Empire. Modern Germany was formed in 1817, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, the German chancellor. He tried to bring allies with Europe (Salmons, 2012). The industrial revolution modernized the German economy and this led to the rapid growth of cities and the emergence of the socialist movement in the nation. During the 1930s, Germany was hit hard by the great depression, which caused a lot of unemployment and the people lost confidence in the Government. The Nazi of Germany led by Adolf Hitler restored the economic prosperity and ended the mass unemployment using the military and suppressing labor unions and strikes. This act brought them fame and recognition. Nevertheless, the regimes were hostile to the Jews who became the main target to attacks. When the Nazi were defeated, this brought forth the cold war which divided Germany into two parts namely the democratic West Germany and the communist East Germany; during this time, many people fled from the communist area to the democratic area (Salmons, 2012). As a result of this division, NATO was formed, which later became the European Union and then the world’s largest economy. During this time, East Germany was a communist region and it was headed by dictators.

Negotiation and Conflict Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation and Conflict Week 4 - Essay Example The main problem is the isolation of Jerry by other workers due to the aggressive behavior meted against them. There is suspicion of drug usage by Jerry but he has vehemently refused and even stating that the manager is confused Emotions play a significant role in the creation of conflict. People fight because emotions have gotten over them. The evaluation of emotions is vital in the conflict resolution process because it enables the cause of the problem to be identified. Emotions affect how employees relate which may lead to aggression of support. Jerry’s emotional state is not ok leading to regular mood swings and leads to serious challenges for other employees. Positive emotions improve harmony within the teams while also encouraging the development of interpersonal skills. These skills are essential in the communication process because they encourage the development of appropriate working environment. The conflict resolution strategy using the dimensional model To solve th e identified problem, the cognitive and emotional needs, of the team must be evaluated. The major problem with the team is the behavior of a jerry; he has several challenges in personality and communication. The evaluation of the perception of the employees about jerry is vital because negative perception makes a reasonable person incompetent and vice versa. The reasons for the negativity within the employees must be addressed in order to solve the conflict. The main problem with the situation is the perception of the employees in regard to the new changes. The recruitment or the deployment of the sales agents must be evaluated because if the employees feel the Jerry is treated well then, negative perception may develop within the team as a result of the treatment (Bercovitch, Bercovitch, & Jackson, 2009, p. 34). The need for behavior change for Jerry must be addressed in a transparent manner, to ensure the employee understand the change and the reasons for the change. Perception is vital because it affects the emotional balance of the group by influencing the attitude of the employees. During the solution process, any negative perception about Jerry must be countered with the proper data and information, to encourage the development of accommodating environment. The emotional needs of the team must be evaluated in order to develop the necessary support services for the individuals within the team. Unsatisfied team member vent their anger at the each other as such emotional balance within the group is vital. To reduce cases of frustration and anger, delegation and the support of the individual employees is mandatory. Social Styles Model strategy development The social model style approaches conflict resolution using several factors, which include the development of personality and the improvement of the necessary skills. The classification of the team into four groups is essential in the development of the conflict resolution strategy. The concern structure in cludes driving, analytical, expressive and amiable. The model develops ways to which each social style needs to interact thus helping people to adapt each other and ensure harmony. The success of conflict resolution in the case of dispute between Jerry and the employees involves the development of the necessary skills which are vital in the working environment. The model evaluates the responsiveness of the employees to the interaction with others. The model evalua

Death and Dying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Death and Dying - Essay Example fficult to withdraw life sustaining treatment after it has started than to withhold life sustaining treatment from the start because once started, the hospital also assumes and shares the responsibility of withdrawing the treatment with the party that asks for it. Karen Quilan’s case provides evidence for it. The matter was complicated as the hospital challenged Karen’s parents’ decision legally. Having lost the case, Karen’s parents had to file another case in the New Jersey Supreme Court to finally have their wish granted. The risk that the patient would die upon withdrawal of the treatment makes this move very controversial and critical. When the treatment is not given from the start, the tendency of the life sustaining treatment to save the patient remains unjudged, so the party might get the benefit of doubt. I personally think that health care professionals should not give euthanasia even if the patient asks for it because it is essentially assisted suicide and is considered a sin in my religion. I have religious basis of having this

Financial Reporting and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Financial Reporting and Analysis - Essay Example n laid down by the IASB and the FASB together with the intension of providing a sound future for the accounting standards which have moved to becoming more principals based, internally consistent and internationally converged. This paper has also dealt with the pros and cons of this framework and the agreements are based around the ‘international’ conceptual framework. The IASB is a board which aims at developing and helping to improve the general purpose financial statements, to make sure that it meets to the public interest (Mill, et.al., 2003). The IASB is one of the single high qualities, simple to understand and also one of the only global accounting standards which needs complete information of the general purpose financial statements. The International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) has made various proposals to improve the conceptual framework for financial reporting. The International Accounting Standard Board has proposed to improvise the objectives of the General Purpose Financial Reports (Kitabjian, 2008). The International Accounting Standard Board has focused on improving the General Purpose Financial Reports for potential investors and lenders. They suggest that the report aims at these groups of individuals to help them make informed decisions regarding their capital investments (IASB, 2008). The IASB also works in cooperation wi th the national accounting standard setters which provides for a meeting point for all the accounting standards from across the world. The use of fair value as opposed to the historical cost accounting has always been quite a controversial choice. In this case the use of fair value would prove to be more beneficial when compared to the historical cost accounting as this would have reduced the impact of the credit crunch. In the time of a credit problem and a troubled economy, the use of fair value is one which is most beneficial. The use of fair value is beneficial majorly because the use of the fair value provides

Herman Melville Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Herman Melville - Research Paper Example Library of Congress would then honor him for he actually was the library’s first writer to collect and publish material. The great author was born in the city of New York as the third born child of Maria and Allan Gansevoort Melville. The letter e was added to his family name to making it Melville in the year 1832 by Maria on the death of his father. While growing up, young Melville was attacked by scarlet fever in the mid 1820s which adversely affected his health. Whereas he regained back his health after a short period, the disease permanently impaired Millville’s eyesight. The father was a very accomplished and successful merchant & importer and as such the family led a very good life when Melville was growing. However things changed in the year 1830 when Allan unsuccessfully attempted to enter fur trade. This failure spelt doom for the family’s fortune on his death in the year 1832, Allan left the family in an extremely desperate financial situation. Following the father’s demise, Herman Melville’s oldest brother Gansevoort took over their family business in New York City. Soon after, Melville joined Gansevoort in the business as a partner and later some of their brothers came on board. Melville would enrol with Albany Classical School in the mid 1830s to study literature and while at Albany he participated in the student debates. At the same time he had started his writing career; he wrote some proems short stories and essays. After a period of studies at the Albany Classical School Melville left and took up a job as a teacher in Massachusetts. The teaching job was not fulfilling and therefore after just three months of work, Melville quit his position and returned to New York City. The year 1837 was another bad one for the family, Gansevoort’s business of fur and cap went down again this time round putting the family in a

Integration of different theories Essay Example for Free

Integration of different theories Essay Integration of different theories Employing the Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Existential, Humanistic, Family Systems, Gestalt and Client-Centered Eclectic stance primarily involves the incorporation of distinct concepts within a single framework. The important thing is that of flexibility and resiliency on one’s part when to apply or implement which of the theories in the context of his/her client. It starts with the identification of specific problems and especially the root causes. When this is confidently achieved, the therapist is actually midway to attaining his/her goals which includes not only the relief of the symptoms that the sufferer is currently experiencing but especially the reduction of the occurrence if not altogether eliminated (Corey, 2004). THERAPIES -The Behavioral model utilizes what is termed as the learning theory posited by Skinner and Watson and the rest of the Behaviorism school. It assumes that the principles in learning i. e. , conditioning (Associative and Operant) are effective means to effect change in an individual. Generally, the thrust of this theoretical perspective is focused on the symptoms that a person is experiencing. Just as many of the errors of the patterns of behavior come from learning from the environment, it is also assumed that an individual will be able to unlearn some if not all these by using the techniques as applied based on the learning principles. To a certain extent I believe that this still works: reinforcements are effective to some extent and in some or many people hence I am incorporating this stance separate or distinct from the Cognitive-Behavioral approach. In behavior therapy therefore, thoughts, feelings and all those â€Å"malfunctioning† and unwanted manifestations revealed in one’s activities can be unlearned and the work of a behavior therapist. The basic concepts include â€Å"extinguishing† – utilized when maladaptive patterns are then weakened and removed and in their place habits that are healthy are established (developed and strengthened) in a series or progressive approach called â€Å"successive approximations. When these (factors) are reinforced such as through rewards in intrinsic and extrinsic means, the potential of a more secure and steady change in behavior is developed and firmly established (Corey, 2004). Cognitive-Behavioral therapy. In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the former’s role is to change or modify the latter’s maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing. These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview: a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the future. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck â€Å"facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist. † With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to attain a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy. For the Cognitive Behaviorist Therapist, the immediate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible (Corey, 2004). Psychoanalytic therapy. The Psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within the person. These usually involved conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all of those who take a psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud’s original ideas, but most would view abnormal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Corey, 2004). The Existential approach, as put forward by Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger, Rollo May, and Frankl, believes that the individual’s potential may lie dormant but that it is there waiting to be ushered in time. It recognizes that man is able to achieve great heights and that these are just waiting to be tapped not only by him/herself but that also when helped by a practitioner who is persuaded of this notion. It examines such major issues as free will and the challenges of exercising this free will, the issue of mortality, loneliness and in general, the meaning of life. The Therapy is effective when the practitioner works with elderly care and death and dying issues. It focuses on the individual needs but takes into consideration the significant relationships and the meanings they bring into the person’s life. Transcending the issues and problems are primary intentions of the therapist at the same time being realistic that certain limitations do exist and may hinder the process of recovery (Rubinstein et al. , 2007; Corey, 2004). -Humanistic therapy. Allport, Bugental, Buhler, Maslow Rollo May, Murphy, Murray, Fritz Perls and Rogers are those that helped usher in the Humanistic theory and consequent therapy. It holds in view the individual as possessing the options or freedom to choose, creativity, and the capability to attain a state where he/she is more aware, freer, responsible and worthy of trust. Because the human mind has immense potential, the approach assesses as well that forces from the environment bear on with the individual and depending on the interplay that occurs within the individual person, the result will either be destructive or constructive to the person. In sum, humanism takes into the perspective that essentially humans are good and not evil, and that the therapy facilitates by harnessing on the human potential through the development of interpersonal skills. This results to an enhanced quality life and the individual becomes an asset rather than a liability to the society where he revolves in (Corey, 2004). Family-Systems therapy. This theoretical viewpoint has been the by-product of the works of Bateson, Minuchin, Bowen, Ackerman and many others. Usually done in pairs or by a team of practitioners, family systems therapy has its roots in behavioral and psychoanalytic principles. This model understands that the family is a unit and its members or any of its members with an issue or a problem must be addressed in the context of the family as a unit. It puts its emphasis on the relationships among the family members, their patterns of communication more than their individual traits and/or symptoms. The systems theory portion of the therapy indicates that whatever is occurring or happening is not isolated but is a working part of a bigger context. In the family systems approach then, no individual person can be understood when removed from his relationships whether in the present or past, and this is specially focused on the family he belongs to (Corey, 2004). Reference: Corey, Gerald (2004). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA.

Heritage Doll company Essay Example for Free

Heritage Doll company Essay I agree with Apex to attain full compliance with SOX. As you know about Apex is private company and will be seeking for new external funding to expansion into a new segment of the printing sector therefore, the new investors are needed for them because they have to access capital market to raise money for the expansion to a lot invest in equipment as well as substract inventory and adding more promotional costs thus they have to going publics and this is a time decision for them because it will be forever changes how Apex goes through doing their business so a Initial Public Offering (IPO) has access to more and deeper of information, sources of capital than a private company thus they needed the 1st thing to align with SOX by going to public. Apex need to assess their readiness for stable sustain as a public company by requires all management to be prepare to meet shareholder and market expectations and address ongoing compliance and regulatory requirements, operational effectiveness, risk management, periodic reporting and investor relations. The one of preparation if Apex established the necessary financial statement integrity through the implementation of effective internal control system to support management’s reporting obligations as a public company they needed to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 (SOX) for successful to going public. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 (SOX) According to PricewaterhouseCoopers mentioned about SOX that it is current regulatory and disclosure issues if company will transform to IPO should consider the following: Internal Controls: Sarbanes-Oxley requires a management representatives are CEO and CFO to provide certain certifications in periodic with the Securities and exchange Commission (SEC) Audit committee: Sarbanes-Oxley requires public company to have set up audit committee by one of team have to expert in financial skill. Board of Director: Require external expert  = member from other company. Auditor relationship: Require company have to clarify their existing relationship with their outside audit firm. Code of ethics: Requires a code of ethics for senior financial officer. Loan to company executives: Prohibits public company from maintaining credit in the form of a personal loan. One of the advantages when they focus on SOX404 is that it forces company to think pro-actively, identify risks, document an assess existing controls and then design new preventive or detective controls. Moreover, Connor from Corporate Responsibility Magazine mentioned that SOX has benefited their company because of the recently proposed management guidance from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (PCAOB) to improve efficiency and quality over the long term. Therefore, Apex needed to comply with SOX by going to public aimed to expansion business to other operation and adding more investor. This benefit for Apex to comply this standards. References: Connors, T. SOX Benefits. Retrieved from http://www.thecro.com/node/400 Medeiros, M. (2013). Preparing for SOX 404(b) and an IPO. Retrieved from http://www.wolfandco.com/solutions/insights/602-preparing_for_sox_404_b_and_an_ipo/view PricewaterhouseCoopers. Roadmap for an IPO. Retrieved from http://www.pwc.com/us/en/transaction-services/assets/roadmap-for-an-ipo-a-guide-to-going-public.pdf

The Importance Of Software Engineering

The Importance Of Software Engineering The ticket distributor will include a touch screen for displaying instructions and inputting commands. The only other control will be a cancel button for aborting a transaction. The ticket distributor should be at most one and half meters tall so that the traveler can easily operate the ticket distributor i.e. the traveler can easily insert the request for the desired ticket and the money. If it is very tall it will be difficult to operate. So that the ticket distributor is available to the traveler at least 95% of the time. If one computer crashes the other twin can take over. Other than this two computer systems might also be used for dividing the tasks. One could manage the money transactions while the other one could take care of the GUI and providing the travelling options and the amount etc. This is because a touch screen system is more interactive and it also occupies less space. Plus all the functionality can be easily implemented using the touch screen so there is no requirement of a keypad or any such device. Question: Specify which of the following decisions were made during requirements or system design: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ticket distributor is composed of a user interface subsystem, a subsystem for computing tariff, and a network subsystem managing communication with the central computer. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ticket distributor will use PowerPC processor chips. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ticket distributor provides the traveler with an on-line help. Answer: This decision should be made during the system design process. This decision should also be made during the system design process. This decision is part of the requirements gathering process. Question: A passenger aircraft is composed of several millions of individual parts and requires thousands of persons to assemble. A four-lane highway bridge is another example of complexity. The first version of Word for Windows, a word processor released by Microsoft in November 1989, required 55 person-years, resulted into 249,000 lines of source code, and was delivered 4 years late. Aircraft and highway bridges are usually delivered on time and below budget, whereas software is often not. Discuss what are, in your opinion, the differences between developing an aircraft, a bridge, and a word processor, which would cause this situation. Answer: An aircraft or a bridge no matter how complex, are examples of physically tangible products. Software on the other hand is not physically tangible. Any such thing requires excessive brainstorming and thinking. In case of the above mentioned examples the end product that is an aircraft or a bridge is known while in case of software the customer and the creator are never too sure of the complete end product. During the course of development of software the requirements of the user might change. The user might want to increase or decrease the functionality. Other than this the creator has to think of all the aspects and scenarios in which the software will be used, which is not possible. All the possibilities can never be taken into account; the developer can only come up with the most effective solution. And that solution might not be valid after sometime. SECTION B Question: Why Software Engineering is important? What is the role of SE in Telecom and System engineering? Answer: Software engineering (SE) is the profession, practiced by software engineers, concerned with specifying, designing, developing and maintaining software applications by applying technologies and practices from computer science, project management, and other fields. SE technologies and practices improve the productivity of developers and the quality of the applications they create. Software engineering plays a major role being the backbone of software systems by applying technologies and practices not only technically from computer science and engineering, but also with management issues such as project management, plus the telecom and other fields. [Reference: wiki.answers.com, google.com] Software engineering is the discipline of designing, writing, testing, implementing and maintaining software. It forms the basis of operational design and development of virtually all computer systems. The discipline extends to application software on personal computers, connectivity between computers, operating systems and includes software for micro-controllers, small computers embedded in all types of electronic equipment. Without software engineering, computers would have no functionality. Although hardware is just as important, no software means no computers. It is a fundamental part of todays information systems and engineering and our lives would be very different without it. [Reference: essays.se, google.com] Importance in Telecom Industry: In the telecom industry mere hardware is never enough for the process of communication to take place. It works at its best when the hardware is used to its fullest by using software along with it. In the telecom industry, software engineering is used right from the core of the communication network to the top most level. SE in telecom is used in the following three categories: Mobile applications and services implementation and development. Custom application development specifically for telecom operators. Custom embedded linux platform development for the functioning of servers, switching towers etc. Importance in Systems Engineering: Systems engineering include all sorts, shapes and sizes of communications systems, embedded systems, DSPs etc. SE is important not only for these systems to work but also for their design and development phases. SE is used for their functionality, maintenance, testing and execution. SE in systems engineering include the development and usage of the following products: Firmware BSP Device drivers Protocol stacks etc. It also includes the application of leading embedded hardware and software platforms such as VxWorks, Embedded Linux, pSOS, OSE, Win CE, XP Embedded, and diverse processors such as Intel, PPC, ARM, Freescale MPC and network processors.

The Emancipation Proclamation :: American America History

The Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation led to the end of slavery, and is one of the most controversial documents in American history. Human slavery was the focus of political conflict in the United States from the 1830s to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for presidency in 1860, personally abhorred slavery and was pledged to prevent it from spreading to western territories. At the same time he believed that the Constitution did not allow federal government to prohibit slavery in states where it already existed. The election of Lincoln led to the secession of eleven slave-holding states and the beginning of the civil war. The states feared Lincoln would restrict their right to do as they chose about the question of black and white, so they went about creating the Confederate South. Four slave-holding states remained in the Union however; Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware. During the first part of the war, abolitionists and some military leaders urged Lincoln to issue a proclamation freeing the slaves. They argued that such a policy would benefit the North because slaves were contributing greatly to the Confederate war effort. By doing most of the South's farming and factory work, slaves made whites available for the Confederate army. But still Lincoln feared that him freeing the slaves would divide the North, he believed that the four slave-holding states would secede if he adopted such a policy, and he saw them as vital to the survival of the Union By 1862 large numbers of slaves were escaping and seeking refuge with Union armies. Lincoln recognized that the extraordinary pressure of the war was gradually destroying the institution of slavery, even without legal emancipation. In July 1862 Lincoln read a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet. One of his ministers suggested that the President wait to issue it until after the Union victory, so that it would not sound like the last desperate act of a loosing government. Lincoln agreed and waited for his generals to win the war. The battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862, was the bloodiest single day of the war. Robert E. Lee's Confederate army retreated after the battle, allowing Union general George B. McClellan to claim victory. Five days later, on September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. It stated that if the rebelling states did not return to the Union by January 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves to be "forever free".