Effects of Computer Technology as a Teaching Method

Effects of Using Instructional Technology in Colleges and Universities: What Controlled Evaluation Studies Say. This report and related issue briefs are available at:    © 2003 SRI International Early studies of effectiveness By 1991, this author’s research team at Michigan had carried out meta-analyses of findings from 121 controlled studies of teaching in colleges and universities (J. Kulik et al. , 1980; C.Kulik & Kulik, 1986; C. Kulik & Kulik, 1991). The studies contained results from a variety of computer applications in a number of different disciplines. Among the 121 studies were a substantial number on computer tutorials and computer simulations in science. The results from these early studies provide a good standard for gauging recent contributions of tutorials and simulations to science teaching, and are therefore reviewed here. Listed in the 1986 and 1991 reviews were achievement effect sizes from 37 studies of computer tutoring in college courses.Results of the se studies favored the computer-tutored students by a small amount. In 26 of the 37 studies, the tutorial group outperformed the control group; in the remaining 11 studies, the control group scores were higher. The effect sizes in the 37 studies were between –1. 20 and 1. 25. The median effect size was 0. 15. This effect is not large enough to be considered educationally meaningful. It suggests that computer-tutored students would perform at the 56th percentile on relevant achievement tests, whereas conventionally taught students would performat the 50th percentile.Results of computer tutoring in science courses were similar to results in nonscience areas. These reviews also contained findings from 13 studies of computer simulations in science. Results of these studies were favorable to the groups that worked with the computer simulations. In 11 of the 13 studies, the simulation group outperformed the control group, but in the remaining studies, the control group outscored th e simulation group. The effect sizes in the 13 studies were between –0. 14 and 1. 27. The median effect size was 0. 25. Effect sizes of 0. 25 and over are usually considered to be educationally meaningful.By this standard, the effects of computer simulations are just large enough to be judged as educationally meaningful. An effect size of 0. 25 suggests that students who worked with simulations would perform at the 60percentile on relevant achievement tests, whereas conventionally taught students would perform at the 50th percentile. Computer tutoring Seven studies of computer tutorials from the 1990s were identified for this literature review. The studies examined two kinds of instructional outcomes: student achievement and student attitudes (Table 7).Effects of computer tutorials on both outcomes were mixed. Large or moderate positive effects. The effects of computer tutoring were large and positive in two studies (Kitz & Thorpe, 1995; Vitale & Romance, 1992). Both of these studies examined effectiveness of videodisc software from Systems Impact Corporation. Conclusion It is clear that computers can contribute substantially to the improvement of college teaching. Evaluation studies of the past decade usually found that college courses taught with computer help were more effective than similar courses taught without such help.These recent studies produced far more favorable results than did studies of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 119 studies carried out between 1967 and 1986, the median effect of instructional technology was to raise scores on examinations by 0. 30 standard deviations (C. Kulik & Kulik, 1986, 1991). In the 46 more recent studies reviewed in this report, the average effect of instructional technology was to raise student scores by 0. 46 standard deviations. Both gains are large enough to be considered educationally meaningful, but a gain of 0. 46 standard deviations on achievement tests is clearly a more important gain.There were clu es in the earlier reviews that computer applications were becoming increasingly effective as the years rolled on, but early reviewers did not chart the change in evaluation results over time (e. g. , C. Kulik & Kulik, 1986, 1991). Now, the time trend is impossible to ignore. Analysis of results in the earlier reviews shows that the median effect size was –0. 13 in 5 evaluation studies of instructional technology published during the 1960s, 0. 22 in 85 studies published during the 1970s, and 0. 35 in 35 studies published during the 1980s.This review found a median effect size of 0. 46 in 46 studies published during the 1990s. In other words, computer-based teaching was as likely to shortchange college students as to help them in the early years of the computer revolution, but today’s students are likely to gain substantial educational benefits when their teachers incorporate instructional technology into their courses. The effectiveness of computer applications in colle ge courses is not restricted to a single area. This review shows that computers have made significant contributions to a variety of instructional areas.Computer contributions were clear in mathematics courses, where computers are being used as algebra and calculus tools; in science courses, where older computer applications such as tutoring and simulation programs are being used along with such newer applications as computer animations; and in the field of language learning, where a diversity of computer approaches are now being tried. Of all the results reviewed in this report, the most notable came from studies of computer and calculator use in algebra and calculus courses. Twelve studies focused on this topic. Six of the 12 studies took place in algebra courses.The remaining six studies took place in calculus courses. In each of the studies, experimental group students used computers or graphing calculators while doing coursework, whereas control group students completed their co ursework without using such tools. In the typical study, computer and calculator use raised student scores on tests of conceptual understanding a total of 0. 88 standard deviations. This means that students who used computers and graphing calculators while studying algebra and calculus scored 0. 88 standard deviation units higher on conceptual tests than did students in the control group.If control group students scored at the 50th percentile on a conceptual test, scores of students using computers or calculators would be at the 80th percentile or above. Evaluations of educational innovations rarely report average effect sizes this high. 40 Results on computational exams, on the other hand, were strongly influenced by the conditions under which the exams were taken. In studies in which experimental group students were permitted to use computers or calculators on final exams, they outscored control group students by a large amount on computational items.In studies in which neither th e experimental group nor the control group was allowed to use computers and calculators on final exams, students in the experimental group performed computations about as well as students who learned in more traditional classes. Overall, these studies suggest that students who used calculators and computer tools when learning algebra and calculus did not suffer in their ability to solve computational problems with paper and pencil alone. Finally, a review of study results did not yield any definite conclusions about the effects of computer and calculator use on student attitudes toward mathematics.In two studies, mathematics attitudes were clearly higher in the experimental groups, but in three other studies, mathematics attitudes were not significantly different in the experimental and control groups. No definite conclusion about computer and calculator effects on attitudes can be drawn from such conflicting results. Studies of computer effects on science learning examined both old er and newer instructional approaches. The two older approaches still being evaluated during the 1990s were computer tutoring and computer simulations.The newer approach that was extensively evaluated during the 1990s was computer animation. Reviewed in this report were 7 studies of tutoring, 11 studies of simulations, and 9 studies of animations. The seven studies of tutorial instruction examined two kinds of instructional outcomes: student achievement and student attitudes. Effects of computer tutorials on student achievement were mixed. Four of the six studies of student learning reported significant positive effects of tutoring, and two studies reported trivial effects. The median effect size in the studies was 0. 33. Tutorial effects on attitudes were likewise mixed.One study reported strong positive effects of computer tutoring on student attitudes; one study reported a strong negative effect; and one study reported a nonsignificant positive effect. Eleven studies of computer simulations in science also presented a somewhat mixed picture of effectiveness. In 7 of the 11 studies, effects were large enough to be considered statistically significant and educationally meaningful, but in 2 other studies computer results were nonsignificant and in the remaining 2 studies results were significant and negative. Median effect size in the 11 studies from the past decade was 0. 9. While the most likely outcome of using simulations in teaching was an increase in student test performance, using simulations could also have a negative effect or no effect at all on student test scores. The studies suggest that computer simulations can be valuable tools for teachers, but teachers must use some care in deciding on how to use simulations and which simulations to use. Computer animation is the most recent addition to the science teacher’s toolkit, but this instructional innovation has already compiled a record of strong contributions to science instruction.In each of nine studies of computer animations, the group that viewed the animations outscored the control group, but the effects differed in size from small to large. In seven of the nine studies, the improvement was large enough to be considered educationally meaningful. The remaining two studies reported positive effects of animations, but the effects were not large enough to be considered practically important. The median effect of computer animations in the nine studies was to increase student scores on science tests by 0. 8 standard deviations. As a group, therefore, these studies suggest that animations can help students substantially in their attempts to understand scientific phenomena. Computer searches yielded a total of only seven controlled quantitative evaluations of computer-assisted language learning (CALL), and these studies were extremely varied in focus. 41 Each of the studies examined its own approach to improving language instruction with technology, and so the studies do not provide a sound basis for conclusions about CALL effects.Several years ago, Miech and his colleagues observed that the area of CALL lacks an agreedupon research agenda (Miech et al. , 1996). Their point seems to be as valid todayas it was when they first made it. Diverse though evaluations of CALL may be, they have yielded enough strong positive results to encourage CALL enthusiasts. In each of seven evaluations, CALL had at least a small positive effect on instructional outcomes, and in five of the seven studies, CALL effects were large enough to be considered educationally meaningful.The median effect of a CALL program in the seven studies was an increase in language test scores of 0. 60 standard deviations. This is a moderate to large improvement in student performance, equivalent to a jump in scores from the 50th to the 73rd percentile. These results suggest that a number of approaches to CALL may have positive results on student learning. Although the various approaches sti ll need in-depth examination, the future of CALL appears to be promising. Overall, computer-based teaching approaches have come a long way during the last four decades.Originally almost a hindrance to learning, computer-based instruction is now an important ingredient in many successful college courses. The growing effectiveness of instructional technology in college programs should not come as a great surprise. Computers have improved dramatically during the last three decades. They are faster, friendlier, and vastly more sophisticated in their operations than they were 35 years ago. In addition, many educators have become sophisticated designers of instructional software, and most college students have become proficient users of computing technology.Recent evaluation studies suggest that instructional technology can thrive in this climate and that computers—which have transformed society in so many ways—are also making college teaching more effective. The Effects of Computer Assisted Instructions in Teaching & Learning in Primary Education By Kara Schmidt, eHow Contributor Computer-assisted instruction provides another avenue to academic success. Computer-assisted instruction offers teachers and students another avenue to learn the required academic material. Educational computer programs are available online, at computer stores or through textbook companies.Stick with programs that are user-friendly and hold your students' attention. Make sure the programs are at the correct grade level. Decide if you want the computer program to supplement your lesson, practice basic skills, or assist in teaching a new concept and make sure it does just that. 1. Student Benefits Computer-assisted instruction provides differentiated lessons for varied levels of learning, including students with disabilities and gifted students. Students are able to work at their own pace while receiving instant feedback which enables them to self correct before moving on to th e next skill.If a student answers incorrectly, the computer programs will provide instructions to assist the student in correcting their work. The programs are interactive and students can work individually or in groups. This allows them to compete with their individual scores or the scores of the students within their group. Students also gain valuable computer skills which will continue to benefit them throughout life. 2. Teacher Benefits Teachers are better able to track their students' strengths and weaknesses through computer-assisted learning. Computer programs can enhance the essons and allow teachers to pick different levels of a program or different programs altogether for students who may be behind or students who are advanced. When students are learning and actively involved with learning, teachers will have less behavior problems in the classroom which in turn sets up a cycle for more learning to take place. Computer-assisted learning benefits teachers by allowing them t o work with small groups of children on a particular skill while the other students in the class are working on their computer program.The nature of the program allows the students to work independently; minimizing distraction to the teacher while she works with the other students. Disadvantages Computer programs can evaluate students' progress on many levels although it is the teacher's responsibility to make sure students develop critical thinking skills which are essential to solve problems encountered throughout life. Too much time spent learning through computer programs can also reduce time students spend interacting with each other and their teacher. This can result in less time for learning appropriate social skills.Computer-assisted learning can be a great asset to the classroom and curriculum as long as they are not overused. Too much of any mode of teaching can lead to boredom and frustration in the students. Use good judgment and find computer programs that enhance the l earning process. Sponsored Links * Bulk Email–Free Trialwww. iContact. com Email marketing to fit your needs. Start a Free 30-Day Trial Today. * Educational Technologywww. met. ubc. ca International Master's Program 100% Online – Apply Now * The Knowledge Engineerstheknowledgeengineers. om/ Leading digital training company, accelerate your digital knowledge * Search Cebu hotelsAgoda. com/Cebu_Hotels Instant confirmation. Trust Agoda. Save up to 75% Don't miss out! Related Searches: * Teaching Students * Teaching Career * Computer Technology * Video Teaching * Learning Online Read more:  The Effects of Computer Assisted Instructions in Teaching & Learning in Primary Education | eHow. com  http://www. ehow. com/list_7408273_effects-teaching-learning-primary-education. html#ixzz1qFW4xJoO Brief History of Computers in EducationComputers and related technologies are now in most of the schools in all around theworld. Advancements in technology are inevitably reflected in educational systems. In most of the developed countries education has been penetrated by informationtechnologies (IT); schools have computers, a large numbers of teachers usecomputers and new technologies while teaching, and more  over textbooks have someparts devoted to new  technologies. New technologies are integrated into disciplines and more disciplines are beinginfluenced by the new technologies in an integrated way.Most of the educators andresearchers try to use technologies in various subject matters, and this integrationchanges the nature, concepts and methods of work in each subject. For example, inmathematics education, the way of teaching and learning, the roles and functions of  the most concepts have changed with the use of  technology. 19Although the wide-spread interest in computers as an instructional tool did not occuruntil the 1980s, computers were first used in education and training at a much earlierdate.Much of the early work which computers introduced in education was done inthe 1950s by researchers at IBM, who developed the first Computer AssistedInstruction (CAI) author language and designed one of the first CAI programs to beused in public schools. Students followed the commands on the computer screenreceiving rewards for correct answers within the framework of behavioristapproaches. In 1959, PLATO, the first large-scale project for the use of computers ineducation was implemented by Donald Bitier at the University of Illinois (Carter,2003).Atkinson and Suppes’ (1959) work led to some earliest applications of  computers at both the public school and university levels during the 1960s. By theearly 1980s many educators were attracted to microcomputers because they wererelatively inexpensive, compact enough for desktop use, and could perform many of  the functions performed by the large computers that had preceded them. The dominant use of computer-based instruction in the 1980s was typified by theemploy of â€Å"beh avioral-based branching† software that based greatly on drill-andpractice to teach programmed content and/or skills.The  educational software that ranon the computers of the early 1980s were at first based on Skinner’s â€Å"methods of  branching†: first separating into small sections, rewarding combined responses, andteaching disconnected facts. Although the learning is passive where learners do notwork together with problems and content, research studies indicate that learner didadvantage from the technology when the learning objectives were behavioral. During the 1990s, computers eventually started to have a major impact oninstructional practices in schools.With the help of advances in technology andlearning, science researchers consider learning with technology as means forconstruction problem-solving skills and for achieving learner independence. Thecognitive approach to instructional technology emphasized â€Å"looking at how we knowrather than how we respond, and analyzing how we plan and strategize our thinking,remembering, understanding, and communicating† (Saettler, 1990, cited inhttp://www. ncrel. org/ tplan/cbtl/toc. htm,  2003). Besides,  students  would  also  tolearn through playing games and simple simulations with the help of cognitive 20school of thought.The worth of using a word processor has been discovered bywriting teachers and almost immediately students were using the advantages of wordprocessor by writing, deleting, formatting and revising with effortlessness. Othersubject matter teachers perceived the importance of the computer in creating a richlearning environment by using databases, spreadsheets, presentation, and researchtools. Since 1995, rapid advances in computer and other digital technology, as wellas the Internet, have led to a rapidly increasing interest in and use of these media forinstructional purposes (Reiser, 2001).Swiftly there was a volume of informationobtainable to students w ith a network of people all through the world that improvedcommunication and the exchange of thoughts. Additionally, distance educationcourses are offered and in this way students in geographically isolated schools haveextended learning opportunities in a diversity of  subject areas. For example in UnitedNations, Kalu (2006) states â€Å"the proportion of instructional rooms with Internetaccess increased from 51 percent in 1998 to 93 percent in 2003† (p. 3). Theoreticalexplanations could now be demonstrated and manipulated with the help of  technology innovations.A complete innovative learning environment becamepossible. Since the advent of the personal computers in the mid 1980s, computers have rapidlybecome one of the key instructional technologies used in both formal and informaleducation. The computer’s role has changed because of two factors: first, it canprovide rich learning experiences for students and secondly, computer givingstudents the power to manipula te depth and way of their learning. Furthermore,teachers can use the computer as an aid to manage classroom activities; it has amultitude of roles to play in the curriculum which can range from tutor to studenttools.

Computers and Sociology

In Liberal Arts Computers and Sociology Sociologists study societies and social behavioral patterns through an analysis of social, political, religious and economic groups. Sociologist study society combining both theoretical and practical methods. com/sociology-exam-3-chapters-6-8/">Sociology Is based around four major components: social, cultural, physical, and demographic. How Individuals form social groups and the means of how they develop Is an Intricate determinant for a sociologist's conclusions. Sociologists specialize in various areas including family dynamics, race and ethnicity, war and revolution, gender roles, socioeconomics and much more.Sociologists are geared to be curious and observant. Always concerned with observing, analyzing, defining, testing, and explaining human behavior. There is no area of modern life where a sociological perspective is of no value. From marketing to business to criminology to medlclne to government, the research provided by sociologist impr oves sales, increases production, shape social policies, resolve socials injustice and promotes political platforms. Statistics and computers are a key component to the work of a sociologist.Strong analytical skills, data gathering, survey methods and computer techniques are the foundation of ociology. In todays age of computer expansion Is neither person nor thing left unaffected by computers. Computers are using in almost every field of work and aspect of life. Since the 1980's after computers were mainly using for warfare assistance, computers are used on a daily basis. Whether it is at home, school, or the workplace computers and the technology, which it brought about, is commonly used all over the world.The affect computers have had on society has been immeasurable, with many advantages and few disadvantages. In the past the only way for long distance communication was through he letter system. Now we still use the letter system but the speed of the Internet Is nowhere near rea sonable comparison. Like society, communication has been much more efficient and resourceful. Information gathering is now a simple task. Whereas before a person would have to do strenuous searching through books and archives, now information about basically anything can be found at the click of a button.Business has also profited greatly by the innovation of computers. The technical efficiency of computers has structured a new business market that has benefited corporate leaders all the way down to consumers. The standard education and the standard of living have increased. Task such as shopping, booking tickets for shows or airlines, checking bank accounts, etc can all done online. Life is now structured around convince. Criminal records now are also found online, no information is left unavailable. Nowadays basic requirements for most Jobs are knowledge of computers and how use various types of software.Computers are apart of everyone's lives whether they desire It or not. Societ y Is made to De Torever evolving ana people, Duslness, polltlcs, even rellglon nave ana will ontinue to adapt to this convenient and efficient lifestyle. Computers and technology has become an indispensable part of our lives. The need for constant communication and information is evident. Technology comes in an abundant amount of forms from the desktop, laptop, tablet, smart phone and so much more. Society has made every person and thing is made accessible.This massive technological boom is affecting every culture. It is drastically changing the ways in which people live their lives. People are easily connected by state-to-state country-to-country and so on. Ideas and information are spread faster and further han ever before. In the end the advancements in communication technology has ultimately brought cultures closer all over the world. For many people in the workforce computers have had an overwhelming effect because of the drastic changes brought upon them; including changes to their work routine and structure.Employees today are in the middle of an information revolution. There is a complete change in the way work is done. Meaning past required skills are archaic and new evolved technological skills are required. For many these changes must bring about fear and resistance. The effect of the Internet on work has also had a great influence on society. Starling weighed in on the issues stating that, â€Å"They generally point to a redistribution of work (and the money that comes with it) out of established centers, such as Western cities, and into more remote areas.Teleworkers can operate in deep countryside, beyond the range of commuters. International data centers can be placed in any country with a passable education system. The ‘net' effect is probably a good one, redistributing wealth out of concentrated hotspots in cities of the west and into the world at large. (Starling) Starlings view is one that is very positive on the vast effects of comput ers and the world of globalization pushing marketing through ‘cyberspace' as a tool for creating world market opportunities in poorer countries.Gabey coincides with his idea of the boom of â€Å"e-commerce† and its worldwide popularity, â€Å"At the time of writing, every four seconds a further eleven organizations establish an Internet presence thereby linking the to the world's most successful, broadly spread communications network – the World Wide Web. BY 2023, worldwide more than 4 billion people will be surfing he Web, from ‘Teeny Techies' (aged 6-16) to ‘Silver Surfers' (aged 50+). (Gabey) Through the benefits of computers and bountiful there are still some negative side effects on society.Society is no longer interested in a common well-being but more of their lives and own problems. The ways of togetherness and the spirit of working together with one another are no longer visible. The ways in which our youth are growing up has drastically cha nged. No longer do kids spend their free time playing with one another or reading books or talking to their family members. The focus is on a screen or idealizing some new gadget. Face-to-face interactions between people have been considerably reduced. The importance of spreading cultural values has been reduced.Computers have drastically affected society to the point that the entire structure of society and some cultures have changed. Starling states that, â€Å"We access the Internet as individuals, rarely groups. We work alone and entertain ourselves alone. We write emails and talk less on the telephone – a different social interaction favoring different skills. The Internet is changing us as individuals, not Just soclety. † (Starllng) We have adapted and altered aspects of our language to accommodate new age erminology with a new vocabulary.Words like boot up, online, upload, download, ‘cloud, email, and various acronyms, such as MAC, PC, www, . com, @, etc. have worked its way into our language. Society has even created new etiquette in communication. Whether for the better or worse computers have had an influential effect on the main sociological institutions of education, economy, and family life. The effects of computer and the technology it had brought fourth are not going to be here for long. That is because the world is forever evolving and adapting and soon society will acclimatize to newer innovations.We cannot predict progress or what will be of our society and culture in the future but we must accept that, good or bad, because the world hold a million and one new possibilities.

Changing of Fashion styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Changing of Fashion styles - Essay Example The essay "Changing of Fashion styles" explores the fashion trends and styles and their changing. To see how these general considerations apply in reality, we may turn our attention to a phenomenon with which all the Western societies have been increasingly preoccupied during the last couple of centuries, and the significance of which grew in the twentieth century to the level when this phenomenon turned into the most powerful fetish of modernity. This profound phenomenon is fashion, and aside from its elevated status this field of human creativity by means of the continual changing of fashion styles perhaps in the most persuasive way serves as a manifesto of the constant change as a slogan of humanity. However, it is my firm belief that the transience of fashion has its deep roots that connect it with some fundamental qualities of the social structure we are living in. With these considerations in mind, let us on the example of the continual changing of fashion styles try to take a closer look at the interplay of the promise of identity reinforcement that fashion apparently offers and the notion of obsolescence as its inevitable hidden companion that may in the end turn out to be the real driving force behind fashion as such. That fashion has since its inception been involved into the process of creation and confirmation of personal and social identities of people can be understood from the very definitions of both these terms. Indeed, we can define identity as a set of individual.

Goals and Objectives Enhanced the Authority Within the Organization Assignment - 1

Goals and Objectives Enhanced the Authority Within the Organization - Assignment Example All-out efforts should be in place to make sure that the accountability aspects are also taken care of and proper consideration needs to be paid on the fact that the goals and objectives of the organization geared for the long term are adequately met. This is significant because it will turn the tide its own way and make the organization stand out in a league of its own. It will tell the employees what to expect from their own selves and how to tackle long-standing problems with a collective vision and a sense to do something right for the organization. The element of authority and even that of accountability is talked out loud when the organization is willing to expand its circle of influence and get out of the rut that it has been stuck within, for the last many years (Crawford, 2000). This brings to mind the essence of inculcating new bred values and understandings that an organization has of the people who are working within its folds, and who want to professionally grow with the passage of time nonetheless. However, this requires proper planning and tact, which remains aloof on most occasions within the organizations of present day and age. The authority and accountability elements, therefore, make the organization stand tall amongst the relevant mix of its activities and processes and allow immense growth and development for the sake of the employees so that they can grow and develop, not only their own selves but also the entire organization. For accountability and governance within an organization, it is important to understand that the employees have a major role to play. This does come along well with the essence of the top management realms who are working to good effect to make sure that the organization remains ahead.

Importance and Impact of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance and Impact of Communication - Essay Example The management is more often caught in improving the quality of healthcare provided and the recruitment and scheduling of staff to invest in the optimal resource utilization of the existing staff. In its annual survey of top issues confronting hospital CEOs, the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) identified communication between the medical staff and the management as the third most important issue of concern in 2007. It is interesting to note that physician – hospital relations held the second spot in the previous year but has since been overtaken by concerns over medical insurance. The above table gives the percentage wise importance assigned to various specific issues within the general personnel – management communication spectrum that required attention. The issues can in most cases be extended to include other members of the healthcare systems. The staff in most hospitals represent a vast talent pool but they are never expected to undertake any activity that is beyond their assigned roles. Recently, efforts have been undertaken by many institutions to develop leadership abilities in their employees. While best practices in strategic diversity leadership and cultural competence in patient care have been identified through evidence-based research, the linkages between best practices and organizational and patient outcomes have not. This knowledge gap is consequential not only because of changing demographics, but because of the unique diversity imperatives in healthcare: the under-representation of women and minorities in leadership and professional p ositions; persistent racial disparities in health and healthcare; and overall quality issues that increase the cost of healthcare and risk patients lives. To summarize, there exists a growing need for the management to be more supportive and understanding to the personal requirements of the personnel and to assist

Principle of Marketing in the Food and Beverages Market Research Paper

Principle of Marketing in the Food and Beverages Market - Research Paper Example Bearing the lessons in mind, the marketing strategies which shall be proposed for Shin Shii shall be founded upon the characteristics of the market in question and, proceeding from that, shall aim towards the maximization of effect within a reasonable budget. In selecting its marketing strategy for entry into the U.S. market, it is necessary to consider both the threats and opportunities which shall confront Shin Shii. Based on observations of the US beverages market, marketing and market research scholars have determined that the primary threats confronting both existing companies and new entrants are over-saturation and an increasingly health-conscious consumer-base (Swot,'2005). In other words, not only is competition extremely intense and dominated by a handful of major food and beverages companies but, health concerns are functioning as a threat to the maintenance of the existent market, let alone its expansion. While market research scholars have identified a number of serious threats confronting the food and beverages' market, they have also identified a number of attractive opportunities, especially pertinent to the case of Shin Shii. In the first place, while the beverages' market may be oversaturated, the U.S. consumer market is a highly experimental one by nature and is attracted to novelty (Swot,' 2005). In other words, it exhibits a persistent and unfailing tendency to test the new. In the second place, the trend towards health consciousness implies that while the soda market may be sealed off for the present, there is a market for beverages which are considered healthy or, at least, benign, in that they neither have negative nor positive health effects.  

Employee retention and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employee retention and development - Essay Example Employee retention is more difficult than employee recruitment process in western countries. â€Å"The expense of recruiting and re-training a new worker costing anywhere from half to 200% of the departing employee’s annual salary†(Hebenstreit, Ph.D. 2008, p.4). It is estimated that U.S. companies spent $134.1 billion on employee learning and development in 2008 (Kraimer et al, 2011, p.485). Normally an organization spends a substantial amount of money for the training and development purposes of its employees. When an employee decides to quit an organization, all the money spent for the training and development of that employee by the organization will be wasted. It is the duty of the human resource department of an organization to implement strategies to reduce employee dropouts or turnover. â€Å"The UK average employee turnover rate is approximately 15% a year, although this varies drastically between industries. The highest levels of turnover are found in private sector organisations in retailing, catering, call centres, construction and media†(Workforce Management, 2011). The above employee turnover rate is huge when we compare it with employee turnover rate in other parts of the world. The reasons for higher employee turnover rate could be different like; attractive offers from other organizations, dissatisfaction over the working conditions in the present organization, ill-health, personal problems etc. In any case, it is duty of the human resource department to reduce the employee turnover rate as much as possible. â€Å"Replacing employee is not only time consuming, but expensive, costing you between  50 to 100 per cent of that positions’ annual salary† (Employee Retention and Recruitment Tips, 2009). This paper analyses the possible employ ee retention and development strategies, HRM department can implement in an organization. Theories related to Recruitment Before analysing the employee retention and development policy in detail, it is necessary to evaluate the normal recruitment policies adopting by current organization. In fact retention starts at the time of recruitment itself and therefore HRM professionals should start their efforts to retain the employees at the time of recruitment itself. Recruitment methods can be classified into two broad categories; internal and external. Internal recruitment method is normally adopted by organization when it is in need of emergency requirement of employees at some places. For example, suppose the production manager of manufacturing industry, has resigned due to some reasons. It is difficult for the organization to wait till the HRM department identifies a suitable person using external recruitment method. External recruitment process usually consists of many time consumin g stages such as posting of recruitment ads in various medias, written tests, interviews, etc. The organization may not get a production manager at least for few months if it opts for external recruitment methods. It is difficult for a production oriented organization to manage its production works for longer periods without a production manager. So, when emergency occurs, such organizations will try to promote some of its existing supervisors to the production manager post. In other words, an organization may opt for internal recruitmen

Why accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why accounting - Assignment Example ) under ‘You’re Hired† portion: that the Department of Labor and Statistics indicated that â€Å"employment of accountants and auditors will grow faster than average for all occupations through the year 2016† (The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants) which makes pursuing accounting very attractive. The â€Å"Career Options† tab provides various career options in different fields and endeavors for accountants. The two things that were interesting are: (1) under non-profit and education area which presented options for accountants under the roles of a CPA at a favorite charity; an accounting teacher; as well as a volunteer accountant, where non-profit organizations and educational institutions could use their skills to generate more funds; (2) under travel: where accountants could pursue a full-time profession in other international destinations and could assume roles such as auditors, and CPAs in tourism and hospitality organizations (The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants: Travel), which are career paths that are dynamic. profession: such as strong leadership, communication skills, technological know-how, and being business savvy. The two things found interesting were: (1) learning to lead is through experience and from seeing oneself assuming leadership roles; it is interesting since one could be encouraged to be a leader through daily experiences; and (2) finding out how to develop communication skills through school activities, such as working in groups, making presentations, participating in public speaking endeavors, and acting in plays (The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants: CPA Skills), among others. The â€Å"Real Life CPAs† tab is all about information and experiences of known people who are CPAs in different industries and environments; such as Julie Herwitt and Mary MacBain, to name a few. These two CPAs were found to be most interesting, since: (1) Julie Herwitt has been a CPA for 27 years and was

Assessment Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Assessment Assignment - Essay Example Here we will be critically analysing the effectiveness of this planning, teaching, evaluation and assessment cycle with reference to the current assessment theory. Also we will discuss the role of a teaching assistant in assessment process. We will learn about various methods for assessing children’s work such as verbal questioning, marking, setting homework, observing, peer and self assessment, using both formative and summative assessments. Planning –Teaching – Evaluation – Assessment Cycle This cycle of Planning, Teaching, Evaluation and Assessment is a standard which most school administrators want their teachers to follow. Now this complete cycle can either be executed after being completely programmed first or alternatively each step of this cycle can be planned and executed one by one. Previous method will be more successful in teaching higher grade students and latter will prove useful in teaching younger lot. It is obvious that for effective teaching this cycle has to be dynamic in nature and needs to be constantly updated as per the learning requirements of kids which become clearer after every assessment. Cairney opines (Cairney, 1995:161) that completely pre-planned programme is restrictive because If one adopts an approach to teaching that consists of a cycle of planning, teaching, assessment and evaluation and reflection then one must be open to changes to the teaching programme and be prepared to make constant adjustments to meet the changing need of learners. Every step / phase of this cycle governs the other steps. Planning This phase is the most important one as it gives you the way to walk on. Although Cairney stresses (Cairney, 1995:161) that there is no best format for planning or programming, and hence teachers should develop their own style that suits their needs. So every teacher needs to develop his / her own way of planning keeping some key

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research paper - Essay Example Hemingway’s statements were short and direct, then there are parts that reflect the way the main character was thinking; Hemingway did not waste too many word explaining, and I liked that. Maupassant’s story was so memorable because it is true today as it was during his time, that people can be just as hypocritical. For the poems, the more memorable ones are â€Å"Facing It† by Yusef Komunyakaa and â€Å"We Wear the Mask† by Paul Laurence Dunbar, because of their courage and outspokenness at a time of bigotry and racial hatred. Sometimes, I mentally place myself in their shoes, and I am unsure whether or not I could be as brave as them. Because of their writings, our literature is all the richer and lessons of history better preserved for generations to come. Yes, I had shared my assigned readings with friends and family, and they were visibly touched by some of these. The poetry evokes a different set of sentiments for each reader, depending upon their pe rsonal experiences. Among the writing techniques I found the most challenging is systematically writing my analysis of short stories. The framework of the literary analysis is specific and highly structured. I also found it diff

Butterflies Essay Example for Free

Butterflies Essay In the name of Allah the most beneficent the most merciful A beautiful scene of dusk depicts a sweet picture of the universe, when the sun sets, and calm and stillness engulfs the loud voices of the day, I often see the birds returning back to their nests. These tiny creatures, lacking the faculty of reasoning and speech, believe that the best place ever found in the world is home. No matter how far we are from our homes, its necessity never diminishes and Mr. President, respectable teachers worthy parents and dear fellows this is the first reason Why I love Pakistan? Pakistan’s creation was no doubt the finest hour of our history our forefathers who had fought for it envisioned the promise of long cherished freedom, democracy and prosperity. It is the country which was created to work for an ideal democratic state based on social justice as an upholder of human freedom and world peace, in which all citizens were to enjoy equal rights and freedom from fear, want and ignorance. Dear fellows, Pakistan my homeland is in fact the land of blessings. Its creation speaks its dignity. History teaches us that how much cherished the dream of Pakistan was and how seriously our fathers fought for it .believe me or not, the most significant reason of loving Pakistan is independence movement itself. I know very well Mr. President that the shackles of slavery snatch all such all creative facilities and the beautiful world a heaven to breathe in, turns into hell without freedom. By the grace of Allah my country, my love, my homeland offers me to enjoy the open air of independence .Being a student I have surfaced the papers of history to know about the grand sacrifices of my forefathers and as humble token I express my gratitude to them by proudly announcing in public that Pakistan I love u . ,And I have millions of reasons to prove that why I love Pakistan? I was wondering a few days ago what Pakistan has done for me and how we react when something happens down there. I am proud to say that Im Muslim, and after my religion I am most proud of the country to which I belong, Pakistan. Here are some facts: Pakistan is the only country to be founded on the basis of Islam Pakistan posseses the 6th largest army in the world today. Pakistan is the single most powerful Muslim country in the world today. Pakistani Air Force and Army personnel train all other Muslim countries, which include most Arab nations today. Pakistan is the only Muslim country that posseses Nuclear power. Pakistan is the bridge between the Middle East and South Asia. Pakistan is one of the oldest civilizations (5000 year known history), it is a mix of cultures Dear guests, I am a Pakistani student and citizen, I believe on unity and, friendship, I have no fear, I can see the bright future of Pakistan. as Quaid said.† There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan†. In end I would pray all of you to love this country as a blessing of God, stand united, guard its identity and geographical boundaries, work day and night for its better and exalted image,. Live like Ghazis and Shaheens of Iqbal, die like martyrs. I want to salute to all national heroes and my teachers on this great day, when ever listen the best name Pakistan always respond Zindabad. Its high time to hold hands and say it out loud.pakistan zindabad.Salute Pakistan.

Leadership: Impact On A Healthcare Organization

Leadership: Impact On A Healthcare Organization The field of health-care is labor intensive and based on powerful know-how (Kanste, 2008). In contemporary medicine both therapeutic as well as nursing tasks are performed by a team, rather than an individual, being it a doctor or a nurse, respectively. No team work can be effective without a leader; this is also true for good nursing in which the leadership is very crucial and vital. All the results of good nursing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦may be spoiled or utterly negative by one defect, viz: in petty management (Florence Nightingale as cited in McEachen Keogh, 2007, pg.01). The health care environment becomes more competitive every day. There are few professions in which the complications of poor performance are as serious as in nursing and there are few professionals who feel the pressure of responsibility more keenly than nurses (Kenmore, 2008). This paper presents discourses on the contemporary leadership styles and highlights the characteristics and development of an effective leader a nd discusses the impact of effective leader on organisations potential to succeed. Leadership styles The continued search for good leaders resulted in the development of many leadership theories. Although leadership is not a new concept, and its fundamental function is well documented, there is no theoretical agreement or a universal definition of leadership (Farag, Mc Guinness Anthony, 2009; Mahoney, 2004 and Murphy, 2005). However, some scholars believe that certain leadership characteristics or personality traits are innate in effective leaders (Murphy, 2005). Thus the perspectives of Great man or trait theories which dominated until 1950s, states that leader are born and not made (Murphy, 2005). In the 1950s, behavioural and social scientists began to analyse leadership behaviour. The behavioural theory says that leaders are not born to lead, but learn leadership behaviour (McEachen Keogh, 2007). The efforts of these researchers were fundamental in isolation of three common leadership styles: autocratic, democratic and lassiez-faire (Murphy, 2005). The Contingency theory by Fi edler was further expanded by Herset, Blanchard and Johnson as the Situational theory (Murphy, 2005). Later, some contemporary leadership theories such as the charismatic, transactional, transformational and shared leadership theory gave rise to the contemporary leadership styles (Murphy, 2005). The contemporary leadership styles include quantum, charismatic, transactional, transformational, relational, shared and servant leadership (Murphy, 2005).Though there are many leadership styles identified in the literature, laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership styles are the primary leadership styles identified in the nursing and management studies (Farag et al., 2009). Laissez-faire leadership indicates the absence of leadership (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). This leadership style is ineffective in promoting purposeful interaction and it contributes to organizational demise (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Transactional leaders view the leader-follower relationship as a process of exchange (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). On the other hand, transformational leadership is a process that motivates followers by appealing to higher ideals and moral values (Trofino, 2005). The transactional leader sets goals, gives directions and tends to gain compliance by offering rewards for performance (McEachen Keogh, 2007). Whereas, by inspiring a shared vision through clear roles, effective teamwork and providing feedback on individual or team performance transformational leaders enables the staff to explore their professional practice (Halm, 2010). The three elements of transactional leadership are: contingent reward, where the leader provides reward that is dependent on the performance; passive management by exception, where the leader takes corrective action when problems arise and active management by exception, where the leader takes corrective action in anticipation of problem (Chen, Beck Amos, 200 5; McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Rukmani, Ramesh Jayakrishnan, 2010). Similarly, the four elements of transformational leadership are idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). The expected outcome of transactional leadership is enhanced role clarity, job satisfaction and improved performance (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). On the contrary, the ultimate outcome of transformational leadership is to change the mental model of employees, to link desired outcome to values held by employees and to build strong employee identification within the group or organization (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). There are also some pitfalls and limitations of transactional leadership. Transactional leadership might not yield the same results across culture; such as, most North American culture which emphasize individualism, whereas many Asian culture emphasize collectivism (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Hence, transactional leaders need to understand at which level to establish their reward system- individual or collective reward (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Transactional leaders cannot provide leadership over task areas in which they have no expert knowledge (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Likewise, there are some limitations to transformational leadership. Transformational leaders need to be updated in their knowledge and skills (McGuire Kennerly, 2006; Halm, 2010). There is a growing demand for evidence-based decision making, where, to show leadership, a transformational leader need to cite hard and factual evidence, as transformational leaders have nothing worth saying without strong evidence. Fin ally, the transformational leaders will be needed to inspire flexible, multi skilled work forces to bridge the barriers established by rigid job description and functional departments (Trofinio, 2004). Transformational leadership is not an alternative to transactional leadership, but it augments transactional leadership (Spinelli, 2006). Therefore, an effective leader achieves a balance between transformational and transactional behavior, thus creating a leadership style which matches the needs of followers (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). The current shortage of nurses at the bedside magnifies the importance of having a strong, clear, and supportive and inspiration leadership across health care organization (McGuire Kennerly, 2006). Characteristics and development of effective leader While there is disparity amongst the theorist definitions of leadership, there is consensus pertaining to qualities necessary to realize effective leader (Murphy, 2005). There are various traits of an effective leader mentioned throughout the literature. Having a vision is a key feature of effective leadership and it is the clarity of vision evolved by the leader about the future of the organization that distinguish them as effective (Joyce, 2009). An effective leader has a vision for the future, which helps him to set objectives, aims, goals and standards and to achieve the set goals; the leader has a plan to implement (Fletner, Mitchell, Norris Wolfe, 2008). Tomey (2009) mentions some of the essential leadership traits which also empower people. These include accessible, collaborative, communicative, flexible, good listener, honest, influential, knowledgeable, positive, supportive and visible (Tomey, 2009). An effective leader should also posses job knowledge, positive attitude, d elegation skills, positive partnership and should be a role model, dependable, motivating, and compassionate (Fletner et al., 2008; Cook Leathard, 2004). An effective leader must recognize the individual strength and weakness of each person involved, shifting focus as necessary in an effort to elevate each persons level of effectiveness as an individual and as a part of a team (Fletner et al., 2008). As Joyce, 2008, rightly quotes that effective leaders walk the talk. Consequently, there is consistency between their values, vision, standards and behavior (Fletner et al., 2008; Joyce, 2008). A good leader should ideally possess all of the identified characteristics, or at least a majority of them (Fletner et al., 2008). Fletner et al. (2008) also reveal that any characteristics can be a leaders strength or weakness depending on the situational needs and persons involved in the given scenario. Neither there is just one characteristic that defines a leader, nor should, the entire identified characteristic be required when determining whether an individual would be an effective leader (Fletner et al., 2008). Likewise, to say one character istic is more important than the other is to fragment the idea of leadership (Fletner et al., 2008). A leader with insufficient leadership training might become exhausted in trying to achieve the organizational goals and thus, in turn, a leader might burnout and dissatisfaction among subordinates might increase (Chen, Beck Amos, 2005). One of the greatest challenges we face in nursing profession is to develop future nurse leaders (Jumaa, 2008; Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004; Murray DiCroce, 2003). Hence, training effective leaders has been proposed as a key to increase professionalism in nursing (Chen, Beck and Amos, 2005). Although it remains unclear, how to best prepare effective leaders, evidence suggest that graduate education may be an important precursor to the development of effective leadership style (Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004). Developing a relationship with specific academic provider of registered nurse to Bachelor of Science in nursing programs and graduate education in nursing administration may facilitate nurse managers returning for advanced education (Klienman, 2 004). Onsite and distance education programs may offset obstacles of scheduling and geography (Kleinman, 2004). The feasibility of mandating graduate education requirements for all practicing nurse managers is limited; therefore, continuing education strategies must focus on nurse manager leadership training (Kleinman, 2004; Mahoney, 2004; Wilson, 2005). An effective continuing educational program should consider providing monetary incentive and an organizational commitment that allows sufficient time to be spent on course work, in addition to management responsibilities (Kleinman, 2004). Conley, Branowicki and Hanley (2007), recommend a three component orientation for nursing leaders including nurse manger competencies, precepting by supervisor and written and classroom resources. Learning about the history of nursing, and especially about people who greatly influenced the development of nursing, has a fundamental meaning in fulfilling the vocation for nursing (Kosinska Niebroj, 2 004). In this context, the statement saying that history is a teacher of life seems to be true and of paramount importance for creating leaders (Kosinska Niebroj, 2004). The Leading Empowered Organizations(LEO) program, shared between United Kingdom and United State of America, is constructed around a model that identifies consensus decision making, interdependence, positive discipline, responsibility, authority and accountability as key areas of effective leading (Cook Leathard, 2004). Recognizing the need to invest in nurse managers to reduce turnover, the Pacific Northwest Nursing Leadership Institute was created in Washington State, in 2002, to support the development and preparation of nursing leaders (Wilson, 2005). Thus, there are various programs, education and institutions, to encourage the development of leadership skills among nurses; which highlights the impact that an effective leader can have on the organization. Impact of effective leadership on organization The inability of hospital to retain staff nurses threatens the adequacy of health care delivery and increases personnel and patient care costs (Kleinman, 2004). Many factors have led to rising health care costs, which have increased faster than the general inflation over the past three decades (Spinelli, 2006). Performance standards for effective leaders require them to be accountable for transactional processes such as budgets, productivity and quality monitoring; while at the same time displaying transformational characteristics by acting as a coach, mentor and a leader (Kleinman, 2004; Spinelli, 2006). A creative work climate has a strong relationship to job satisfaction and the nurse manager is an important link in creating such a climate (Sellgren, Ekvall, Tomson, 2006; DeCasterle, Willemse, Verschueren Milisen, 2008). Job satisfaction has been described as the most important predictor for nurses intention to remain employed (Sellgren et al., 2006; Carney, 2008). The perception of staff nurses towards the leadership behavior of their manager was significantly related to their job satisfaction (Sellgren et al., 2006; Klienman, 2004). Staff that perceives job satisfaction is essential for the ability to give high quality and safe care (Sellgren et al., 2006). Job dissatisfaction leads to absenteeism, problems of grievances, low morale and high turnover (Wong Cummings, 2007). On the contrary, poor leadership was found to be one of the main reasons for dissatisfaction and intention to leave (Neilsen, Yarker, Brenner, Randall and Borg, 2008 and Sellgren et al., 2006). Altered perfo rmance, affecting patient outcome, which in turn results in higher employment cost is also found to be associated with decreased job satisfaction (Wong Cummings, 2007). The findings of the study done by Wong and Cummings (2007) and Kenmore, (2008), suggest that there is a relationship between leadership and patient satisfaction, patient mortality and patient safety outcomes, adverse events and complications. Positive leadership behavior increased patient satisfaction, and decreased incidences of patient mortality, adverse events and complication (Wong Cummings, 2007). Effective nursing leadership is essential to the creation of practice environments with appropriate staffing level, that support nurses in preventing unnecessary death, adverse events and complications (Wong Cummings, 2007). A recent study done in mental health service organizations show that, both organizational culture and organizational climate impact work attitude and subsequently staff turnover (Wong Cummings, 2007). Effective leaders can also help in the recruitment process by recruiting staff as per the job description and thus help in the organizational development (Neilsen et al., 2008 and Sellgren et al., 2006). The study done by Wong and Cummings (2007), in Singapore, to determine the effect of leadership behavior on employee outcome, shows that in times of stress and chaos, leadership styles that transform, create meaning in the midst of turmoil and produce desirable employee outcome are more beneficial for organizations existence and performance. Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent that nurses can lead the health care industry as they comprise the major component of all health care employees; being on the front line and having the most frequent direct contact with the patients and their families. The increasing emphasis on fiscal accountability in global recessionary times places even greater emphasis on measuring organizational effectiveness (Joyce, 2009). The need to move a health care organization forward in an era of declining profit margin, diminishing capacity, manpower shortages and technological expansion cannot be overstated. The call for the nurses to become recognized leaders of health care industry; possessing the knowledge, skills and attitudes relevant for effective leadership and the necessity to use the technology of the 21st century to aim for an essentially global community are the key perspective significant to nursing leadership and management(Jumaa, 2008). Effective leadership behavior is the key to productive and happily satisfied nurses with great organizational commitment. Nevertheless, it is how the leader leads in the context of the setting which is paramount. To sum up, positive or effective leadership is critical towards achieving and driving organizational effectiveness. Lymphatic Filariasis Disease: Causes and Treatments Lymphatic Filariasis Disease: Causes and Treatments Abstract Lymphatic Filariasis is a disease that is on the World Health Organizations (WHO) top ten list of diseases to eliminate by 2020. Left untreated and undetected, it can lead to a condition called Elephantiasis. The name comes from the severe swelling of the limbs that occurs during the chronic state of the disease. It is transmitted via mosquitoes to humans in tropical and sub-tropical climates and it is endemic in a large number of countries around the world. Prevention is possible via some very basic methods and early detection and treatment can prevent long-term consequences associated with the disease. Lymphatic Filariasis is a little known disease in the United States but it is on the World Health Organizations top ten list of diseases to eliminate along with Malaria and leprosy (Narain, J.P., Dash, A.P., Parnell, B., Bhattacharya, S.K., Barua, S., Bhatia, R. et al., 2010). A large portion of the population of the planet is at risk of contracting this often debilitating disease. Common Names Lymphatic Filariasis is also referred to as Bancrofts Filariasis and Elephantiasis when the disease it has progressed to its chronic state. (Elephantiasis, 2010). Causative Organisms The main causative organism is a microscopic parasitic roundworm. There are three different types of this worm: Wuchereria bancrofti (most common and makes up 90% of all cases), Brugia malay and Brugia timori (Longe, 2006). Wuchereria bancrofit lives in warm regions on every continent except North America (Callahan, 2002). Brugia malayi is primarily found in India, Southeast Asia and Indonesia (Callahan, 2002). Brugia timori is found to a very limited extent in Timor. Symptoms The disease has two stages, acute and chronic. When the disease is in the acute phase, the symptoms usually include a recurring fever and infections of the lymph vessels or nodes in the arms, legs or genitals which can lead to severe and permanent swelling of the lymph vessels and secondary infections (Elephantiasis, 2010). In the chronic stage, the worms block the lymphatic areas of the limbs which cause overgrowth of the limb or body part because the lymphatic system is not able to perform its function of draining fluid out of the area (Callahan, 2002). Males may also have swelling in the scrotum. This is how the disease gets the name of Elephantiasis because the limbs enlarge to the point where they resemble elephant limbs and the skin takes on a rough texture like elephant skin (Ferrara, 2010). Incubation Period The precise mechanism that causes the pathology of the disease is not known and some people who are infected may not show any signs or symptoms for many months and sometimes even years (Rajan, 2003). The parasite apparently only infects humans and has never been found to affect animals. The parasite migrates to the lymphatic vessels and takes up residence. It then matures into the worm over the course of a few months to one year and begin producing the microfilariae which is suspected of causing the initial fevers and chills that are the first symptoms of the disease (Rajan, 2003). Also, if a person is infected once, they may never actually develop any symptoms even though the worm is living in their lymphatic system and the microfilarasia are circulating in their blood. It is repeated exposure with multiple worms along with the worms excretions and blockage of the lymphatic system that seems to cause the disease to progress to its most severe form especially since the worm will norm ally die sometime after seven year (Rajan, 2003). Duration of Disease The duration of Lymphatic Filariasis varies depending on the number of re-infections suffered by a host. A person with Elephantiasis can live with the disease and usually dies from complications and secondary infections from the worms both living and dead (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). The disease can last a lifetime and can worsen over time if left untreated. The disfiguring growth of the limbs or genitalia is another side effect as well as permanent damage to the lymphatic system, kidneys and secondary infections. There is also a social stigma to the deformities that accompany the chronic stages of the disease. Those who suffer from the disease are often ostracized. The adult worm normally lives from three to five years and the microfilariae will die after twelve months if not taken up by a mosquito to begin the next phase of the lifecycle (Longe, 2006). Transmission A person contracts the disease by being bitten by an infected mosquito of the genera Culex, Aedes or Anopheles. The mosquitoes are the intermediate hosts and when they bite someone, they inject the third-stage larvae into the blood of the host (Elephantiasis, 2010). Once injected into a human host, the larvae mature into worms which move to the lymphatic system and after about one year, produce embryo called microfilariae (Callahan, 2002). Adult worms live for about seven years (Ferrara, 2010). It is the buildup of adult worms in the lymphatic system over time that causes lymph fluid to collect which leads to severe swelling of the limbs and groin area (Ferrara, 2010). The microfilariae circulate in the blood stream waiting to be taken up by a mosquito. Interestingly, the microfilariae are at their most active in the blood at night when mosquitoes are also most active (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). This increases the chance of being taken up by a mosquito and continuing the lifecycle. Whe n a mosquito bites and infected host, they take up the microfilariae along with the blood. The larvae mature to the second state in the mosquitoes. Repeated exposure and repeated transmission of larvae that can mature into adult worms is usually what brings on the symptoms (Ferrara, 2010). A person who is bitten once and infected may never actually experience any symptoms. Prevention and Treatment The disease is being attacked from many angles by the WHO. Those who have an active parasite are normally treated with the drug Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) which will both limit the number of microfilariae in the blood stream and gradually kill the parasite (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). The drug will cause some nausea and vomiting and sometimes fever depending on the level of microfilariae in the blood (Elephantiasis, 2010). However, because the treatment lasts for over one year, it is sometimes difficult to get the needed medical supplies to the areas with the highest incidence in a cost effective manner. Since the drug DEC seems to act as a deterrent as well as a cure, there is a proposal to add DEC to salt for distribution in the affected areas of the world in much the same manner that iodine was added to salt (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). Trials with DEC fortified salt have been carried out in China, Brazil, Haiti, India and Tanzania with great success since DEC laced salt acts as a protective measure as well as providing benefits for those already infected (Lammie, Milner Houston, 2006). Other drugs used in treatment include ivermectin and albendazole and more recently doxycycline (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). Albendazole will kill the worms but does not have any effect on the microfilaria in the blood so the transmission cycle will continue unless the intermediate host is also reduced or eliminated (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). In addition to drug therapies, movement of the affected limbs is encouraged along with antibiotics for any secondary infections caused by damage to the lymphatic system (Ferrara, 2010). There is little that can be done once the lymphatic swelling has set in other than attempting to force the lymph out via compression bandages (Elephantiasis, 2010). The other alternative is surgery to correct the affected limbs but this is sometimes not cost effective. Because the causative agent spends a portion of its lifecycle in the mosquito, the preventative measures that are being undertaken include the use of insect repellent and protective clothes in affected areas as well as water treatment to reduce the insect population that transmits the disease to humans (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). Other measures include the use of mosquito netting, screens on windows and staying inside after dark when mosquitoes are the most likely to be active (Ferrara, 2010). In addition, while the mosquitoes are being dealt with, the population near the affected area can be given DEC as a preventative treatment so that the cycle of transmission is broken (Elephantiasis, 2010). Antibiotics have also been shown to be effective in the past but because antibiotics should not have any impact on a nematode, the effect of antibiotics was dropped until recently. There has also been some investigation into the possibility that a certain population of the worms themselves have a bacterial symbiont which is susceptible to the antibiotics (Rajan, 2003). The suspicion is that the two species have become dependent and if the symbiont dies, the host dies as well. If this is proven true, then antibiotics may also be used at some point in the future to treat lymphatic Filariasis in some cases. It is also suspected that some of the inflammation and other secondary infections might actually be caused by the symbiont rather than the nematode. Incidence: World, USA and Colorado Approximately eighty to one-hundred million people in 75 countries around the world are at risk of contracting Lymphatic Filariasis and forty million are in the chronic stages of the disease and suffer from the disfiguring disability known as Elephantiasis (Lammie, Milner, Houston, 2006). Lymphatic Filariasis occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical countries mostly in coastal areas with high humidity although it also occurs in Japan and China and come European countries (Elephantiasis, 2010). The area with the highest risk is south-East Asia. Lymphatic Filariasis at one point appeared in Charleston, South Carolina until about 1920 but then dies out before World War II (Elephantiasis, 2010). The reason for the disappearance in the United States is due to mosquito control and water sanitation (Elephantiasis, 2010). It occurs in the United States primarily where it has been contracted elsewhere and brought back to the United States (Elephantiasis, 2010). There does not seem to be any incidence of the disease in Colorado primarily because the climate and altitude and mosquito population do not generally offer a good climate for the life cycle. Mortality Rate: World, USA and Colorado Lymphatic Filariasis although impacting millions does not have a high mortality rate. The chief issue with the disease is the ongoing illnesses and secondary infections along with lost productivity and economic hardship suffered by those affected. According the World Health Organization, Lymphatic Filariasis is a targeted disease for elimination due to the large number of people at risk (Weekly epidemiological record, 2009). Those who contract the disease can live with it for all or most of their lives and it is the repeated infections via mosquito bites that eventually lead to the progression to the chronic state of the disease and eventual death ((Narain, J.P., Dash, A.P., Parnell, B., Bhattacharya, S.K., Barua, S., Bhatia, R. et al., 2010) Isolation Technique The disease is difficult to detect because the initial infection may not present any symptoms as the worm moves to the lymphatic system and matures. It can also take some time for the Microfilaria to show in the blood in sufficient quantity. The isolation technique will either focus on detecting the adult worm or the microfilariae. Blood samples can be taken and the sheathed microfilaria can be detected in a Giemsa stain which is a stain specifically used for detecting the presence of microfilaria in the blood (Wallace, Kohatsu, 2008). A methylene azure B. stain is used on the blood sample and if there is microfilaria in the blood, they will appear blue or purple. It is important that this blood be taken in the evening when the microfilaria is most active. The microfilaria can move out of the blood during the day so blood samples taken in daylight hours can sometimes result in false negatives (Longe, 2006). Also, it is possible that an infected person will not have any microfilaria in the blood. The worm itself is very hard to detect because it is buried in the lymphatic system. Another technique used is to look for what is called the filarial dance sign in the scrotum (Wallace Kohatsu, 2008). This is a visible detection of the worms movements via ultrasound. Conclusion Lymphatic Filariasis is a preventable disease that strikes poor countries in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Its debilitating effects have made it a target for elimination in the countries affected. Prevention methods are basic and include proactively spraying for the mosquitoes and treating the population with DEC laced salt or administration of DEC in tablet forms in order to break the cycle of infection. In addition, common precautions against mosquitoes can also be used such as protective clothing, netting and sprays.

Importance of Effective Communication in Nursery Environment

Importance of Effective Communication in Nursery Environment Explain why it is important to maintain effective communication within the nursery environment mentioning the barriers that may be experienced by some staff members Maintaining effective communication? I believe that it is important to maintain effective communication as this is the channels in which the nursery will be run. Effective communication is a two way process which can be verbal or written. Managers must firstly know their staff and what type of communication works best for them, for example do they prefer a more direct approach or are they the sort of person who prefers a team briefing that allows them to communicate with other staff around them or do they prefer to have all the communication written down for them and then given a chance to write their reply. Barriers to communication could be caused by the environment as it could be too noisy or too much information to take in at any one time as a person can loose concentration if they are being over loaded with info or the actual language being used is too hard to understand, keep it simple which again comes back to knowing your staff or audience. Also the time of day should be considered before communicating with staff as they may have their own appointments to keep or other personal business to attend to so they could become distracted with the time and not hear what is being said to them. Noise within the nursery environment could also be a barrier as again if it is too noisy only partial communication may occur so the area in which the communication is to take place should also be considered. Sometimes the office itself can be the barrier because if you as the manager do not make yourself available but instead hide away in the office for the majority of the day then this would not help. Phones can also be a barrier as not everyone likes to talk on the phone but prefers a more personal approach but also things can be misheard on the phone. As well as these physical barriers there can be perceptual barriers too because you think the person doesn’t understand you before you even speak to them and that can come across in your body language as well. There are emotional barriers too which some people don’t like to speak out etc. As managers we must consider the cultural and language barriers as the society that we work and live in is much more culturally diverse than ever. A barrier to communication is also the manager’s inability to actually listen as well!!! To me the bottom line to effective communication is to know your staff on a personal level, know what makes them tick therefore you can adapt your style of communication to suit the individual staff member. Also to be approachable to your staff and to listen to verbal and non verbal communication Discuss the importance of the appraisal process for staff and managers and how it can be carried out The performance appraisal provides employees with the recognition of their work efforts. It shows that bosses are interested in the development of their staff and not just getting their ‘monies worth’ that it is more that just a job. The appraisal process for staff and managers is a period of time out from the daily tasks of the running of the nursery in order to focus on work related activities and to correct any existing problems and encourage better performance. Managers should make an appointment with the staff member at a time which suits both and there will be no distractions. A blank appraisal form should be issued to the staff member for them to complete and comment on how they have performed throughout the year, this is then discussed with the Manager. The Manager and staff member will then discuss the information written on the form and what areas need to be improved upon and agree on what training is required. It’s also a good time to discuss any other outstanding issues not necessarily related to the appraisal itself. When setting the goals, managers should be specific at what is to be achieved. The goals should be measured against what is to be achieved. Set a time frame in which to achieve the goal, make sure the time frame is realistic. The goals should also be relevant to the role in which the staff member is working. Make sure the goal that is being set has a purpose and not just for the sake of it. It is best to carry this out on the anniversary of when the staff member has joined and then goals can be set for the coming year. Managers should get behind the appraisal process and sell it to their staff. Explain the disciplinary and grievance procedure, paying particular attention to how the manager should conduct the process The policy documentation for this process should be made accessible for all staff. The processes are necessary to ensure that all staff are treated fairly and are protected. If there are good procedures in place and good communication then the risk of tribunals are minimised. If possible managers should try and resolve the issues first and a disciplinary and grievance procedure should be the last resort. A letter should be issued to the employee at least 72 hours in advance of the meeting. Additional staff should be present in the meeting to take notes. Time should be given for an appeal if necessary. All records, emails, telephone calls should be kept in order to act as a reference and evidence to what steps the manager has taken to try and resolve the issue from the beginning. A meeting should be set up to include additional staff for note taking. Managers should remain impartial and if necessary can call witnesses to strengthen the evidence. Enough time should be given in the meeting for the employee to put their case forward. Should new evidence come to light in the course of the meeting then it should be adjourned. When a decision is reached it should be given in writing and include information on the appeals process. The outcomes from the meeting can be no action, warning or dismissal. There can be a verbal warning administered, a first written warning or a final written warning. The informal grievance procedure should be displayed and available to all staff, to be honest early intervention limits the need for a disciplinary procedure. Evaluate the recruitment and selection process making reference to policies nurseries are required to hold The recruitment and selection process within the nursery setting is straight forward; vacancies should be advertised at the same time in various locations making sure under-represented groups within the community also have an equal chance of applying. Completed applications should be scored by the manager and another person either the deputy or the new employees line manager this gives a fairer approach to the scoring process. It is then up to the manager how many persons should be interviewed. The scoring sheets should be kept a minimum of three months after the application process should any unsuccessful applicants contact the manager for feedback it also shows transparency in the process. All persons involved in this process should be equal opportunity trained prior to the commencement of the process again this is a fairer why to carry out the process. Once the interviewing stage is completed and the new employee chosen then it is a good idea that prior to them starting they should be given a copy of the nursery policies and sign to say they have received them. They should also be made aware of the Health and Safety policy, fire safety and child protection issues and the policy on arrival and departure. It is important that they are made aware of whatever medication the children may be taking and what allergies they may have. This can be done in the staff induction morning and then they should spend the rest of their time shadowing a staff member who can show them the daily running of the nursery. This shadowing will ensure that the new employee sees first hand what is expected of them on a daily basis and what standards they are to achieve. I think this is a much better way of settling anyone in and they can take much more in during this â€Å"hands on† approach then they could just being told about it. It also gives the ne w employee a chance to ask questions which may not arise during interview. Barbara Gamble

Ancient and Modern Elements in Julie Taymors Adaptation of Shakespeare

Ancient and Modern Elements in Julie Taymor's Adaptation of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus Roman coliseum . . . Formica kitchen Armored warrior . . . Armored tank Gregorian Chant . . . Hard Rock White toga . . . Metallic business suit Ancient Rome . . . Modern America At first glance, these categories appear entirely incompatible, unable to exist together. However, in Julie Taymor's adaptation of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, we find that they are compatible after all. With elaborate sets, stunning costumes, and a remarkable film score, Taymor blurs the boundaries that divide them and creates a world that accommodates both ancient Rome and modern America. The film soundtrack was an important element in creating the juxtaposed world that Taymor desired. Taymor selected Elliot Goldenfall, a veteran composer for the stage and screen whom she had known for twenty years, to head the scoring. Their long association served them well in this endeavor - the final film score was both stunning and effective in combining ancient and modern musical elements. Goldenfall manipulated four main musical styles to score the film (symphonic, jazz, hard rock, and aria), and each style represented particular emotions. The opening scene in the coliseum is a particularly potent display of Taymor and Goldenfall's artistic creativity. Warriors covered in gray armor, stoic faces smeared with a bluish-gray paste, march resolutely into the coliseum. As they move into formation, Goldenfall uses the powerful sounds of symphonic music to instill a feeling of triumph. Horns blare victoriously. Footsteps are marched in a steady andante, matched with heavy drums. A strong male chorus joins the music, the singing reminiscent of modal G... ...us, and various dignitaries enter the dining room, Goldenfall inserts a muted Italian aria, like one heard in a fine Italian restaurant. Considering the nature of the scene and the audience's knowledge of what is to be served, the aria serves to increase audience disgust. And as the beautiful music wafts through the background of the scene and Tamora eats the flesh of her own sons, the revulsion is intensified. It is almost a relief when the scene erupts into violence. It is not an easy task to fuse modern society with that of ancient Rome. However, under Taymor's direction the sets, costumes, and film score accomplish just that. In particular, by combining modern and archaic music styles, Goldenfall successfully augments the effects Taymor strives for. The result is a high-powered film that takes Shakespeare's classic to levels it has not previously been taken.

Caribbean Slavery Essay -- Caribbean History Slave Essays

Caribbean Slavery Starting in the seventeenth century, the European colonization of the Caribbean changed drastically as exploration gave way to exploitation. As the great wealth that the Caribbean held became more evident to the European colonizers, a rush of profit hunters stormed the area and flooded it with slavery. The massive introduction of slavery as the major form of labor organization in the Caribbean changed social organization radically. The plantation system thrived and expanded through the following years (centuries), and the Caribbean became the focus of American slave centers, "The planters of the Caribbean bought about sixty percent of all the slaves sold to the Americas between 1701 and 1810 (Knight, p112)." Franklin W. Knight approximates that five million African slaves were brought to the Caribbean throughout the slave trading years. The resulting success of the Caribbean sugar economy harvested (no pun intended) even more slavery, and the Caribbean became an almost exclusively tw o-group society divided by blacks and whites. Those who did not fall into the well-defined groups –free blacks, maroons, buccaneers, and others- were forced to live isolated from normal society. Arnold Sio addresses the interesting "in-between group" of free blacks in these societies in his article entitled "Marginality and Free Coloured Identity in Caribbean Slave Society". Sio delves into the identity search that the free blacks felt in such situations, and he defines their position simply, "The people of colour were marginal to Caribbean society: neither black nor white, neither African nor European, and neither slave nor free." The assertion that the author makes that these "freedmen" were not free is fundamental in understa... ...at the blacks enjoyed as a result of this participation, a type of psychological empowerment was attained by blacks that was not experienced by blacks on the other islands of the Caribbean. A certain kind of "re-humanizing" takes place with the endowment of responsibility in which the implications go far beyond employment. Through the terrible years of Caribbean slavery, horrific crimes against personal rights were violated over and again. In a genocide of sorts, Africans were taken from their homes, and sold into a system which worked them to their deaths. Blacks in the Caribbean who avoided this horrible situation, few though they were, struggled to establish themselves as successful alternative societies due to their few resources. The varying backgrounds of these people made communication difficult, and made the forming of a unified society almost impossible.

Anayas Bless Me, Ultima: A Psychological Critique of Religions Essay

Christianity, Judaism, Islam. These are only a few of the many religions in this world. How does one choose which religion to follow? Is it their background, nationality, belief, or because that’s the only thing they have always known or come in contact with? The concept of religion is a complex one, a concept to be investigated and questioned. This is the journey that Antonio Marex Luna explores in Rudolfo Anaya’s (1972) Chicano novel Bless Me, Ultima. Throughout the novel, Antonio fights a psychological war in his mind about all the religions and faiths that surround him in his everyday routine. All his life he was raised to believe in God, and as a result he grew to be a devote Catholic. However, some of his beliefs alter when Ultima, a curandera, comes to live with his family. By witnessing her mysterious powers, Antonio begins to question his beliefs. For many years following Ultima’s arrival Antonio balanced the religions of both worlds, by praying to the Virgin Mary while his brothers were away at war, as well as helping Ultima pick and care for her many magical herbs. At first, he didn’t compare the two faiths, but as time went on, he knew it was time to choose which path he wanted to follow into his future. It was his mother’s dream for Antonio to grow to be a priest and be considered a leader of the people and he deeply wanted to grant his mother’s wish. Even at the young age of 6, he would act priestly by blessing those who were in most need. For example, he was there for Narciso’s his last confession and performed the man’s last rites as he lay on his deathbed. Antonio also put a blessing over his brothers so that they would be safe as they left home. Throughout the novel, Antonio suffered an excessive ... ...the carp, he witnessed something elemental, magical, and miraculous without much effort and continued to hear the stories told with great detail and logic. With further investigation he concludes that the legend of the Magic Carp could have very well taken place. With these two concepts of religion, Antonio battles and organizes his thoughts through questions and observation. At certain points he believes that he will be sent to hell for believing in the stories of the King of the Fish. After all, the golden carp is a natural, pagan deity compared to the Christian God Antonio is used to worshipping. But in the end, that too is the teachings of Ultima’s wisdom, Antonio realizes he must learn to live in a world in which Catholicism and the golden carp can coexist, and he must grow to impart knowledge and enlightenment from all the spiritual forces in his life.

Religion and Various Team Members

What does the Bible say about caring for the sick? How do the roles of the various team members within the healing-hospital blueprint address caring for the sick from a biblical standpoint?The biblical passage supporting caring of the sick is: â€Å"Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the Church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the sick, and the Lord will raise him up. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven.† (James 5:14). This scripture states the power of prayer and that God has the direct power to fully heal any illness that overcomes a body. It also means that God has power over someone who is sick or for someone who is praying (elders of the Church), over a sick person, and the power to keep praying until the person is healed. This bible verse also means that if a person is a follower of the Lord they will be relieved of their sickness and their sins will be forgi ven. The roles of various team members in the healing hospital addresses caring for the sick without bias on diversity and individualism. The biblical standpoint is by doing spiritual assessments and interventions for all religions , beliefs , faiths, and allowing the spiritual leader such as a chaplain to perform prayer or practices that allows components of healing.

When to Salute

When to salute Army personnel in uniform is required when you meet and recognize persons entitled by rank. Do not solute, when it is inappropriate or impractical, like in public conveyances such as planes and buses, in public places such as inside theaters, or when driving a vehicle. Salute is also rendered: (1) When the United States National Anthem, â€Å"To the Color,† â€Å"Hail to the Chief,† or foreign national anthems are played. (2) To uncase National Color outdoors. (3) On ceremonial occasions. (4) At reveille and retreat ceremonies, during the raising or lowering of the flag. 5) During the sounding of honors. (6) When pledging allegiance to the US flag outdoors. (7) When turning over control of formations. (8) When rendering reports. (9) To officers of friendly foreign countries. Salutes are not required when: (1) Indoors, except when reporting to an officer or when on duty as a guard. (2) A prisoner. (3) When is saluting is obviously inappropriate? Is when, a person carrying articles with both hands, or being otherwise so occupied as to make saluting impracticable, is not required to salute a senior person or return the salute to a subordinate. In any case not covered by specific instructions, the salute is rendered. (4) Either the senior or the subordinate is wearing civilian clothes is reporting Indoors. When reporting to an officer in his office, the soldier removes his headgear, knocks, and enters when told to do so. He approaches within two steps of the officer’s desk, halts, salutes, and reports, â€Å"Sir (Ma’am), Private Jones reports. † The salute is held until the report is completed and the salute has been returned by the officer. When the business is completed, the soldier salutes, holds the salute until it has been returned, executes the appropriate facing movement, and departs. When reporting indoors while carrying a weapon in your hands, by a sling or holster. The procedure is the same except that the headgear is not removed and the soldier renders the salute prescribed for the weapon with which he is armed. Reporting Outdoors; When reporting outdoors, the soldier moves rapidly toward the officer, halts approximately three steps from the officer, salutes, and reports. When the soldier is dismissed by the officer, salutes are again exchanged. If under arms, the soldier carries the weapon in the manner prescribed for saluting. Saluting officers in official vehicles by recognized individually by grade or identifying vehicle plates and/or flags, is considered an appropriate courtesy. Salutes are not required to be rendered by or to personnel who are driving or riding in privately owned vehicles except by gate guards, who render salutes to recognized officers in all vehicles unless their duties make the salute impractical. When military personnel are drivers of a moving vehicle, they do not initiate a salute In Formation; Individuals in formation do not salute or return salutes except at the command, †present, ARMS†. The individual in charge salutes and acknowledges salutes for the entire formation. Commanders of organizations or detachments that are not a part of a larger formation salute officers of higher grade by bringing the organization or detachment to attention before saluting. When in the field under battle or simulated battle conditions, the organization or detachment is not brought to attention. An individual in formation at ease or at rest comes to attention when addressed by an officer. Not in Formation; On the approach of an officer, a group of individuals not in formation is called to attention by the first person noticing the officer, and all come sharply to attention and salute. Individuals participating in games, and members of work details, do not salute. The individual in charge of a work detail, if not actively engaged, salutes and acknowledges salutes for the entire detail. A unit resting alongside a road does not come to attention upon the approach of an officer; however, if the officer addresses an individual (or group), the individual (or group) comes to attention and remains at attention (unless otherwise ordered) until the termination of the conversation, at which time the individual (or group) salutes the officer. Outdoors; Whenever and wherever the United States National Anthem, â€Å"To the Color,† â€Å"Reveille,† or â€Å"Hail to the Chief† is played, at the first note, all dismounted personnel in uniform and not in formation face the flag or the music, if the flag is not in view, stand at attention, and render the prescribed salute. The position of salute is held until the last note of the music is sounded. Military personnel not in uniform will stand at attention and remove headdress, if any, with the right hand. Then place the right hand over the heart. Vehicles in motion are brought to a halt. Persons riding in a passenger car or on a motorcycle dismount and salute. Occupants of other types of military vehicles and buses remain in the vehicle; the individual in charge of each vehicle dismounts and renders the hand salute. Tank and armored car commanders salute from the vehicle. When the National Anthem is played indoors, officers and enlisted personnel stand at attention and face the music or the flag if one is present. Last, Small flags carried by individuals, such as those carried by civilian spectators at a parade, are not saluted. It is improper to salute with any object in the right hand or with a cigarette, cigar, or pipe in the mouth. Officers and enlisted men under arms uncover only when; (1) Seated as a member of (or in attendance on) a court or board. (2) Entering places of divine worship. (3) In attendance at an official reception. b. Male personnel remove their headdress indoors. When outdoors, military headdress is never removed, or raised as a form of salutation. c. Female military personnel will remain covered at all times when it would be appropriate for civilian women at a similar function to wear a hat. They must wear headgear when in uniform outdoors if headgear is authorized.