Politics is the Manner in Which Society is Organized

Politics is a complex theoretical representation of the manner in which society is organised. Politics,by definition,has many different meanings and branches. The most basic definition of politics as defined by David Easton is the â€Å"authoritative allocationof values†. The greatest assumption that politics makes is that a person can change the situation in which they find themself. Politics has a normative value that is there is a difference between the way things are and the ways things should be. In this essay the two mainbranches of politics,that is democracy and liberalism, will be discussed. These are not just political systems but they are also a set of rules and theories. Democracy is the branch of politics that has to do with the organisation of society through the collectively binding decision-making of the entire population. Liberalism on the other hand is a philosophy of politics that has to do with the freedom of control and interference from a governmental org anisation. The values of equality in liberalism and democracy are two very different but important ideals. Liberal equality is the process of equality where every person enjoys the same amount of non-interference from the government while democratic equality is equal input into collectively binding decisions. Democracy Democracy in its simplest form comes from the Greek words ‘demos and ‘kratos’: ‘demos’ which is taken to indicate the people and ‘kratos’ which means to rule. 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Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay

Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Oscar Wilde is a legendary author who has composed many great plays including The Green Carnation and A Woman of No Importance, however, The Importance of Being Earnest was undoubtedly the most famous of his works. First published in 1930, yet acknowledged since the late 1800s, The Importance of Being Earnest helped to revive the theater tradition of Congreve and Sheridan. The story is a comedic view of romance and the emphasis we place on seemingly trivial articles, such as a name. In this story, contrary to the typical saying, a rose by any other name would not smell as sweet. Our first scene begins with a confrontation, and the whole story is a man versus confusing women (better†¦show more content†¦During this encounter, both happen to mention that they are engaged to be married to Ernest Worthing. We must recall that to Gwendolyn, Ernest is actually Jack and to Cecily, Ernest is Algy. The girls are only bewildered and upset, so they decide to affront their fiancà ©s. Upon this confrontation, it is revealed that neither Jack nor Algy are Ernest Worthing. Instead of embracing this idea with relief that they are not in battle over the same man, the hopeful wives simply ask where the real Ernest Worthing is because they are both engaged to him, not anyone else. When it is announced that there is no Ernest Worthing, both girls rather haughtily disregard their men to pout over this horrible injustice. This leaves Algy and Jack feeling horribly dejected, so they sit for tea and discuss their possible options. It is decided that the only action that would bring about a resolution is if they are both christened as Ernest. At the occurrence of this declaration, Gwendolyn and Cecily are profoundly relieved and flattered that any man would go through such an ordeal to win their hands in marriage. During this whole encounter, Jack has acquired an understanding of Algy, which he is not too fond of. Since he is Cecily’s legal guardian, with her future in mind, he refuses to give the consent that would allow her toShow MoreRelated Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay576 Words   |  3 Pages In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† by Oscar Wilde, humor functions through the use of Characterization and the social satire of the Victorian period. Characterization is the method an author uses to reveal or describe characters and their various personalities. Satire is a literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, often with the intent of correcting, or changing, the subject of the satirical attack. These two comical devices are part of the nature of humor, which isRead MoreAnalysis of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest624 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest: The Importance of Being Earnest is an unusual romantic comedy that was written by Oscar Wilde during the late 19th Century as an intelligent satire of Victorian society. Since then, the play has proven to be an unchanging hit because it has exceeded its initial demographic to an extent that its regarded as the greatest stage comedy of all time. Wilde wrote the play not only to challenge received ideas in the then Victorian society but also to subvert prevailingRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay3849 Words   |  16 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest In the closing lines of the first act of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, Algernon remarks, I love scrapes. They are the only things that are never serious, to which Jack responds, Oh, thats nonsense Algy. You never talk about anything but nonsense. Algernon caps off this exchange with a proclamation of the purpose of the whole work: Nobody ever does (1642). Wilde never allows anything in the work to conclude on a seriousRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Webster’s dictionary defines earnest as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind.† This definition is subject to total upheaval by Oscar Wilde in The Importance of Being Earnest. The title suggests a treatise on the value of solemnity in everyday life. However, Wilde presents us with an ironic play that leaves us with the opposite lesson. None of the characters benefit from propriety. The least serious charactersRead MoreThe Dichotomy of Honesty in Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest553 Words   |  3 PagesOscar Wildes, The Importance of Being Earnest revolves around the dichotomy of the true definition of honesty versus the victorian definition of honesty. It is apparent that Wildes opinion is that true honesty is expressed through being genuine to ones self as opposed to putting on a front as is important in victorian ideals. In this work, Wilde uses humor to off-set the seriousness of the theme of the story. One who has studied this work can also clearly see that Wilde is using sarcasm to sayRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay4865 Words   |  20 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Setting: Begins in a flat in London then proceeds to a manor house in the countryside in the late 1800s. Plot: Two men, John Jack Earnest Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff, use the deception [a Bunbury] that both their names were Ernest, in order to secure marriage to the women they love, Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew. Then there is the ultimate unraveling of their lies, which still ends in their impending nuptials.Cast of Key CharactersJohnRead MoreReview of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesReview of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest The play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde definitely proved itself to be â€Å"A Trivial Comedy for Serious People.† I saw the play at State University’s State Theatre. The play was long, in a three-act structure, yet it moved along at a good pace. They did a nice job of preparing the audience, there was an interesting lobby display with sketches of each of the costumes with fabric samples and they played music to fit the timeRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Oscar Wildes Importance of Being Earnest3101 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Aesthete and the Leisure Class 9 The Plot vs. Characterization 9 The Analysis of Character 9 The Structure Analysis of Plot 10 The Title of the play 11 Conclusion 12 Critiquing Play Introduction The play, The Importance of Being Earnest, is written by Oscar Wilde and was first performed in London at St. Jamess Theatre on fourteen February of the year of 1895. In order to escape burdensome social obligations, fictitious personal was maintained by the protagonists in this farcicalRead MoreAn Examination of Oscar Wilde’s Mockery of Victorian Conventions in â€Å"the Importance of Being Earnest†1559 Words   |  7 PagesExamination of Oscar Wilde’s Mockery of Victorian Conventions in â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† In Victorian society, the conventional norms of status, gender roles, and marriage were closely linked by an institution that men and women were placed with unrealistic demands and expectations from society. Women were brought up by their parents to become the perfect housewife, and men were forced into marriages based on status within the society. In Oscar Wilde’s play, â€Å"The Importance of Being EarnestRead MoreRacism and Sexism are Ugly Words in Oscar Wildes Play, The Importance of Being Earnest877 Words   |  4 Pagespowerful and highly hypocritical, appearances were everything. As stated by Gwendolyn Fairfax in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, â€Å"Style, not sincerity, is the vital thing† (783). And it is this play, written by Irish playwright Oscar Wilde, which mocks and exposes the carefully constructed faà §ade of British high society. As with any play, though, The Importance of Being Earnest has two settings: then and now. The challenge for the production team at Ball State University was to center the Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Setting: Begins in a flat in London then proceeds to a manor house in the countryside in the late 1800s. Plot: Two men, John Jack Earnest Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff, use the deception [a Bunbury] that both their names were Ernest, in order to secure marriage to the women they love, Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew. Then there is the ultimate unraveling of their lies, which still ends in their impending nuptials.Cast of Key CharactersJohn Jack Ernest WorthingBon-vivant [Jack to Algernon 2] Algernon is asking Jack what brought him to town. Jack has come to town to get away from his responsibilities in the country, his ward Cecily, and to see Gwendolen, whom he wishes to propose†¦show more content†¦This is Jacks Bunbury to Algy and there are many more to come. Jack hopes that this lie will discourage any further pursuit of his true relation, guardian, to Cecily. Quote: Well if you want to know Cecily happens to be my aunt. Critic [Jack to Algernon 6] Jack has been trying to satisfy Algys fanatic questioning for the explanation of the inscription on Jacks cigarette case. J ack has said that he is Ernest in town and Jack in the country. Jack is not named Ernest. It is a phantom brother he has invented. Jack is going to explain his reason for lying in order to come to town, but he doesnt believe Algernon has a somber personality to comprehend his reasons. Quote: My dear Algy, I dont know whether you will be able to understand my real motives. You are hardly serious enough.Martyr [Jack to Algy 6] Algy has returned the cigarette case to Jack; now, he wishes to hear the reason Jack is Ernest in town and Jack in the country. Jack shows his bunbury to Algy. Jack is Cecilys guardian that is why he is Jack in the country. In order to come to town he has invented a wayward brother named Ernest. Jack explains his reasons for lying about who Cecily really is and who he is to Cecily. He is essentially her immediate forebear and must keep up social standards. It is his responsibility to guard against any degrading of her values. Jack makes sacrifices to be Cecilys protector. One of his sacrifices is that he must lie in orderShow MoreRelated Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay576 Words   |  3 Pages In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† by Oscar Wilde, humor functions through the use of Characterization and the social satire of the Victorian period. Characterization is the method an author uses to reveal or describe characters and their various personalities. Satire is a literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, often with the intent of correcting, or changing, the subject of the satirical attack. These two comical devices are part of the nature of humor, which isRead MoreAnalysis of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Ea rnest624 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest: The Importance of Being Earnest is an unusual romantic comedy that was written by Oscar Wilde during the late 19th Century as an intelligent satire of Victorian society. Since then, the play has proven to be an unchanging hit because it has exceeded its initial demographic to an extent that its regarded as the greatest stage comedy of all time. Wilde wrote the play not only to challenge received ideas in the then Victorian society but also to subvert prevailingRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay3849 Words   |  16 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest In the closing lines of the first act of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, Algernon remarks, I love scrapes. They are the only things that are never serious, to which Jack responds, Oh, thats nonsense Algy. You never talk about anything but nonsense. Algernon caps off this exchange with a proclamation of the purpose of the whole work: Nobody ever does (1642). Wilde never allows anything in the work to conclude on a seriousRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Webster’s dictionary defines earnest as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind.† This definition is subject to total upheaval by Oscar Wilde in The Importance of Being Earnest. The title suggests a treatise on the value of solemnity in everyday life. However, Wilde presents us with an ironic play that leaves us with the opposite lesson. None of the characters benefit from propriety. The least serious charactersRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay3078 Words   |  13 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Oscar Wilde is a legendary author who has composed many great plays including The Green Carnation and A Woman of No Importance, however, The Importance of Being Earnest was undoubtedly the most famous of his works. First published in 1930, yet acknowledged since the late 1800s, The Importance of Being Earnest helped to revive the theater tradition of Congreve and Sheridan. The story is a comedic view of romance and the emphasis we place on seeminglyRead MoreThe Dichotomy of Honesty in Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest553 Words   |  3 PagesOscar Wildes, The Importance of Being Earnest revolves around the dichotomy of the true definition of honesty versus the victorian definition of honesty. It is apparent that Wildes opinion is that true honesty is expressed through being genuine to ones self as opposed to putting on a front as is important in victorian ideals. In this work, Wilde uses humor to off-set the seriousness of the theme of the story. One who has studied this work can also clearly see that Wilde is using sarcasm to sayRead MoreReview of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesReview of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest The play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde definitely proved itself to be â€Å"A Trivial Comedy for Serious People.† I saw the play at State University’s State Theatre. The play was long, in a three-act structure, yet it moved along at a good pace. They did a nice job of preparing the audience, there was an interesting lobby display with sketches of each of the costumes with fabric samples and they played music to fit the timeRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Oscar Wildes Importance of Being Earnest3101 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Aesthete and the Leisure Class 9 The Plot vs. Characterization 9 The Analysis of Character 9 The Structure Analysis of Plot 10 The Title of the play 11 Conclusion 12 Critiquing Play Introduction The play, The Importance of Being Earnest, is written by Oscar Wilde and was first performed in London at St. Jamess Theatre on fourteen February of the year of 1895. In order to escape burdensome social obligations, fictitious personal was maintained by the protagonists in this farcicalRead MoreAn Examination of Oscar Wilde’s Mockery of Victorian Conventions in â€Å"the Importance of Being Earnest†1559 Words   |  7 PagesExamination of Oscar Wilde’s Mockery of Victorian Conventions in â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† In Victorian society, the conventional norms of status, gender roles, and marriage were closely linked by an institution that men and women were placed with unrealistic demands and expectations from society. Women were brought up by their parents to become the perfect housewife, and men were forced into marriages based on status within the society. In Oscar Wilde’s play, â€Å"The Importance of Being EarnestRead MoreRacism and Sexism are Ugly Words in Oscar Wildes Play, The Importance of Being Earnest877 Words   |  4 Pagespowerful and highly hypocritical, appearances were everything. As stated by Gwendolyn Fairfax in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, â€Å"Style, not sincerity, is the vital thing† (783). And it is this play, written by Irish playwright Oscar Wilde, which mocks and exposes the carefully constructed faà §ade of British high society. As with any play, though, The Importance of Being Earnest has two settings: then and now. The challenge for the production team at Ball State University was to center the Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest In the closing lines of the first act of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, Algernon remarks, I love scrapes. They are the only things that are never serious, to which Jack responds, Oh, thats nonsense Algy. You never talk about anything but nonsense. Algernon caps off this exchange with a proclamation of the purpose of the whole work: Nobody ever does (1642). Wilde never allows anything in the work to conclude on a serious note. While Wilde repeatedly proclaims this direction for the play through his characters, he does not tell us the motivation for this direction. He never explains why there is this avoidance of earnestness. The most apparent answer lies in†¦show more content†¦While Wildes ironic look at nineteenth-century Victorian England is funny, it is on the higher, abstract level that Wildes work is unified and gains lasting and a-historical significance. The paradox is not something that is easily sustained or drawn out because of its inherent contradiction. Wilde relies upon fine tuned pacing to sustain his use of paradox and to allow for a vehicle between paradox. Wildes use of these techniques is especially exaggerated in the first scenes of the first and third acts, where the characters of Jack and Lady Bracknell (Aunt Augusta) are particularly utilized by Wilde. The most fundamental element of Wildes use of paradox lies in the paradoxical epigrams that pepper the work. In the first act we immediately see these in use. Jack tells Algernon that when he is in the country he amuses his neighbors, but then volunteers, [I] Never speak to one of them, to which Alegernon responds, How immensely you must amuse them (1630). The idea of amusing someone to whom you do not even talk is quickly dismissed as Wilde moves on. A few minutes later in the action, Algernon warns Jack to take care in his marital plans: Well, in the first place girls never marry the men they flirt with. Girls dont think it right. Before answering who exactly it is that girls do marry, Wilde moves the characters to a new scenario that brings Algernon toShow MoreRelated Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay576 Words   |  3 Pages In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† by Oscar Wilde, humor functions through the use of Characterization and the social satire of the Victorian period. Characterization is the method an author uses to reveal or describe characters and their various personalities. Satire is a literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, often with the intent of correcting, or changing, the subject of the satirical attack. These two comical devices are part of the nature of humor, which isRead MoreAnalysis of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest624 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest: The Importance of Being Earnest is an unusual romantic comedy that was written by Oscar Wilde during the late 19th Century as an intelligent satire of Victorian society. Since then, the play has proven to be an unchanging hit because it has exceeded its initial demographic to an extent that its regarded as the greatest stage comedy of all time. Wilde wrote the play not only to challenge received ideas in the then Victorian society but also to subvert prevailingRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Webster’s dictionary defines earnest as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind.† This definition is subject to total upheaval by Oscar Wilde in The Importance of Being Earnest. The title suggests a treatise on the value of solemnity in everyday life. However, Wilde presents us with an ironic play that leaves us with the opposite lesson. None of the characters benefit from propriety. The least serious charactersRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay3078 Words   |  13 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Oscar Wilde is a legendary author who has composed many great plays including The Green Carnation and A Woman of No Importance, however, The Importance of Being Earnest was undoubtedly the most famous of his works. First published in 1930, yet acknowledged since the late 1800s, The Importance of Being Earnest helped to revive the theater tradition of Congreve and Sheridan. The story is a comedic view of romance and the emphasis we place on seeminglyRead MoreThe Dichotomy of Honesty in Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest553 Words   |  3 PagesOscar Wildes, The Importance of Being Earnest revolves around the dichotomy of the true definition of honesty versus the victorian definition of honesty. It is apparent that Wildes opinion is that true honesty is expressed through being genuine to ones self as opposed to putting on a front as is important in victorian ideals. In this work, Wilde uses humor to off-set the seriousness of the theme of the story. One who has studied this work can also clearly see that Wilde is using sarcasm to sayRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay4865 Words   |  20 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Setting: Begins in a flat in London then proceeds to a manor house in the countryside in the late 1800s. Plot: Two men, John Jack Earnest Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff, use the deception [a Bunbury] that both their names were Ernest, in order to secure marriage to the women they love, Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew. Then there is the ultimate unraveling of their lies, which still ends in their impending nuptials.Cast of Key CharactersJohnRead MoreReview of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesReview of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest The play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde definitely proved itself to be â€Å"A Trivial Comedy for Serious People.† I saw the play at State University’s State Theatre. The play was long, in a three-act structure, yet it moved along at a good pace. They did a nice job of preparing the audience, there was an interesting lobby display with sketches of each of the costumes with fabric samples and they played music to fit the timeRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Oscar Wildes Importance of Being Earnest3101 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Aesthete and the Leisure Class 9 The Plot vs. Characterization 9 The Analysis of Character 9 The Structure Analysis of Plot 10 The Title of the play 11 Conclusion 12 Critiquing Play Introduction The play, The Importance of Being Earnest, is written by Oscar Wilde and was first performed in London at St. Jamess Theatre on fourteen February of the year of 1895. In order to escape burdensome social obligations, fictitious personal was maintained by the protagonists in this farcicalRead MoreAn Examination of Oscar Wilde’s Mockery of Victorian Conventions in â€Å"the Importance of Being Earnest†1559 Words   |  7 PagesExamination of Oscar Wilde’s Mockery of Victorian Conventions in â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† In Victorian society, the conventional norms of status, gender roles, and marriage were closely linked by an institution that men and women were placed with unrealistic demands and expectations from society. Women were brought up by their parents to become the perfect housewife, and men were forced into marriages based on status within the society. In Oscar Wilde’s play, â€Å"The Importance of Being EarnestRead MoreRacism and Sexism are Ugly Words in Oscar Wildes Play, The Importance of Being Earnest877 Words   |  4 Pagespowerful and highly hypocritical, appearances were everything. As stated by Gwendolyn Fairfax in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, â€Å"Style, not sincerity, is the vital thing† (783). And it is this play, written by Irish playwright Oscar Wilde, which mocks and exposes the carefully constructed faà §ade of British high society. As with any play, though, The Importance of Being Earnest has two settings: then and now. The challenge for the production team at Ball State University was to center the Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Webster’s dictionary defines earnest as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind.† This definition is subject to total upheaval by Oscar Wilde in The Importance of Being Earnest. The title suggests a treatise on the value of solemnity in everyday life. However, Wilde presents us with an ironic play that leaves us with the opposite lesson. None of the characters benefit from propriety. The least serious characters, Algernon and Jack are rewarded in the end for their frivolous behavior throughout the play, implying that there is very little, if any, importance to being earnest, excepting that you give the appearance of such, for example the name.†¦show more content†¦Since his name is not in fact Ernest the value of the word begins to lose its meaning. If Jack is the most earnest looking person, the most serious person, and lies about even his name, then who can in fact have an earnest personality? As if to add to the absu rdity of the name and its connotation, Jack tells Algernon, â€Å"It is very vulgar to talk like a dentist when one isn’t a dentist. It produces a false impression.† (Act I p.15) The explicit nature of Jack’s statement, that it is vulgar to give the impression of someone who you are not, for example claiming your name is Ernest, contributes to the impression that both men are invested in taking themselves and, perhaps their lives as lightly as possible. As the play goes on, the audience, or reader quickly comes to understand that nothing that claims to be serious can actually be considered so. The word and its definition can not be applied to any person or situation. Jack’s explanation of his dual personality does nothing to lessen the irony of his situation. When he is in the city, wooing Gwendolen, his name, but not his demeanor, is Ernest. However, when he is at home where â€Å"one has to adopt a very moral tone on all subjects† (Act I, p. 18) he keeps the name Jack, which has no relation to the propriety he says he must assume. Gwendolen later tells his ward, (the reason for his country demeanor) that â€Å"Ernest has a strong upright nature. He is the very soul of truth and honour. DisloyaltyShow MoreRelated Oscar Wildes The Importance Of Being Earnest Essay576 Words   |  3 Pages In â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† by Oscar Wilde, humor functions through the use of Characterization and the social satire of the Victorian period. Characterization is the method an author uses to reveal or describe characters and their various personalities. Satire is a literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, often with the intent of correcting, or changing, the subject of the satirical attack. These two comical devices are part of the nature of humor, which isRead MoreAnalysis of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest624 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest: The Importance of Being Earnest is an unusual romantic comedy that was written by Oscar Wilde during the late 19th Century as an intelligent satire of Victorian society. Since then, the play has proven to be an unchanging hit because it has exceeded its initial demographic to an extent that its regarded as the greatest stage comedy of all time. Wilde wrote the play not only to challenge received ideas in the then Victorian society but also to subvert prevailingRead More Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay3849 Words   |  16 PagesOscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest In the closing lines of the first act of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, Algernon remarks, I love scrapes. They are the only things that are never serious, to which Jack responds, Oh, thats nonsense Algy. 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Plot: Two men, John Jack Earnest Worthing and Algernon Moncrieff, use the deception [a Bunbury] that both their names were Ernest, in order to secure marriage to the women they love, Gwendolen Fairfax and Cecily Cardew. Then there is the ultimate unraveling of their lies, which still ends in their impending nuptials.Cast of Key CharactersJohnRead MoreReview of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest Essay634 Words   |  3 PagesReview of Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest The play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde definitely proved itself to be â€Å"A Trivial Comedy for Serious People.† I saw the play at State University’s State Theatre. The play was long, in a three-act structure, yet it moved along at a good pace. 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As stated by Gwendolyn Fairfax in the play The Importance of Being Earnest, â€Å"Style, not sincerity, is the vital thing† (783). And it is this play, written by Irish playwright Oscar Wilde, which mocks and exposes the carefully constructed faà §ade of British high society. As with any play, though, The Importance of Being Earnest has two settings: then and now. The challenge for the production team at Ball State University was to center the

House Keeping essay Free Essays

In House Keeping by Marilynne Robinson, the author uses feminist criticism to demonstrate the social construction of a family household that goes against the patriarchal structure or norm of a household. In the novel the main character of Ruthie is telling the story of her and her sister Lucille living at her grandma’s house in Finger bone, Idaho after her mom’s suicide. Right at the start it begins with the death of her grandfather due to a train wreck, then her mother happens to kill herself shortly after going over a cliff after dropping them off at grandma’s. We will write a custom essay sample on House Keeping essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story takes place in the 1950s and early 1960s and is told from first person point of view. After both of the girls’ mother’s death, the grandma Sylvia becomes their guardian, but eventually becomes ill and dies as well. Their grandmother was prepared for her death and made sure someone would watch over Ruth and Lucille after she was gone. Nona and Miss Royce are introduced in the story and become the girls’ guardians until they no longer feel they can take care of them and send a letter to Sylvie, the girls’ eccentric and unbalanced aunt to come watch them. Sylvie comes to watch over her nieces and then the household begins to become somewhat chaotic. Ruth bonds well with Sylvie because she is free-spirited, but Lucille, on the other hand, yearns for stability in the household. Lucille wants the household to consist of the normal family viewed in society. Lucille finds refugee in her economics teacher and decides to go live with her, leaving Ruth and Sylvie alone. Shortly, Ruth’s safety is questioned by the courts because of the way Sylvie and her are living. They are both isolated from the outside world alone and without a man as the one in charge. Eventually, Sylvie decides to leave Finger bone, Idaho and live on the road again and Ruth decides to go with her. Throughout the novel Ruth and Lucille face several abandonments as they grow up, but still have a home in which housekeeping is done and where a family is created. It may not be the usual household structure but it is a home in which the girls can come to at the end of the day. According to the CBIL, feminist literature also uses a range of different strategies such as psychological strategies that help understand feminist issues better. Ruth does not mind living in the condition they have been with Sylvie, but Lucille eventually gets tired of it because she feels she will not be accepted in the society that seems normal to her, â€Å"I was content with Sylvie, so it was a surprise to me when I realized that Lucille had begun to regard other people with the calm, horizontal look of settled purpose with which, from a slowly sinking boat, she might have regarded a not-too-distant shore† (92). Robinson uses feminism criticism to demonstrate that a home can be created without any male role or the typical normal family. In this home only women have lived in after the grandfather’s death and they have sustained the house together over the years a way or another. When Ruth and Lucille slept out of the house in the woods, Lucille seeked attention from Sylvie because she felt Sylvie did not put any house rules and it bothered her because she felt she did not have a home when in reality she did, â€Å" She had put two folded quilts on the wood box behind the stove. She wrapped one of them around Lucille and one around me, and we sat down† (118). Their home was not the regular home but it was because Sylvie would keep them comforted and warm, she showed them love. Robinson adds details like these to the novel to demonstrate that even alone a woman can create a home for two children. Through feminism criticism the young girls also act as a symbol of strength in the novel because so much has happened to them over the years. They have lost everyone who has come into their lives one at a time. The girls are seen as independent, always on their own and taking care of themselves. They look forward to the future and what lies ahead even though their lives have been filled with death and abandonment. Robinson uses Ruth and Lucille as role models to other women who have dealt with similar events. The girls stick together, but eventually separate also signifying that they make their own life decisions without any male telling them what to do. This novel sets a setting in which no men are present, which was uncommon at the time the story takes place. Men were freer to travel, and roam around, unlike women in which they stayed at home with their children. A man-less household was far from uncommon, and in the novel Robinson only chose women as the main characters who lived alone. She created only women relationships to demonstrate that women were capable of coexisting with one another without a male. According to the CBIL, feminist critics use images of women to reflect the patriarchal structure by writing literature to achieve equality with men (1548). Robinson chose her protagonist to be the voice of a single woman, a woman in in her 20s looking back on her childhood and reflecting on it, â€Å"My name is Ruth. I grew up with my younger sister, Lucille, under the care of my grandmother, Mrs. Sylvia Foster, and when she died, of her sisters in law†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3). Ruth’s character dictates the cast and the setting of the story. As Ruth re-enters her childhood, her concerns becomes those of a fatherless girl abandoned by her mother, or in her case a mother who committed suicide to escape her problems in life, â€Å"She thanked them, gave them her purse, rolled down the rear windows, started the car, turned the wheel as far to the right as it would go, and roared swerving and sliding across the meadow until she sailed off the edge of the cliff† (23). Ruth in the novel has the choice to choose a mother figure in place of the one she has already lost. Ruth begins to bond well with her aunt Sylvie and Sylvie becomes that mother figure for Ruth as it shows that there is no male heroism in the novel, but rather a female hero. The wilderness becomes part of the feminist criticism as Robinson centers the novel on the lake, and the characters spend frequent time in the woods. By putting a female in the lead role, Robinson goes against tradition. In â€Å"Laugh of the Medusa†, Helene is tired of seeing a man’s role in society in which the man tells the woman what to do. She wants women to give themselves their right place in society and become liberated from the restraint, therefore, Robinson like Helene, writes about feminine literature about women and decisions they have to make in a society where usually men made the decisions. The title of the novel is a big deal when viewing the novel through a feminist approach. â€Å"Housekeeping† in our culture signifies a clean household. In the household women take a major role as they are the ones who clean, maintain the home, and stay at home with the kids. The house in the novel portrays a symbolic icon for female cultural existence, yet it is ruined in the novel. Sylvie does not keep the house like a culturally standard female would especially in the 1950s where women did not really work or have much to do. Sylvie keeps the house messy and does not act as a suitable mother would in society, â€Å"Yet this was the time that leaves began to gather in the corners. They were leaves that had been through the winter, some of them worn to a net of veins. † Yet, according to â€Å"Laugh of the Medusa† the best of a woman can only be given from another woman and Sylvie demonstrates the mark she leaves behind in society and the lesson she is teaching the girls about change and subversion against patriarchy. Housekeeping demonstrates that women are no longer the typical housewives and how society must accept that change. Society must move beyond conventional social patterns and the ideal image of a woman. Robinson changes literature into feminist literature to change the perception of women. In Housekeeping, Ruth, Lucille, and Sylvie portray women who have to make life decisions because of their different lifestyle that goes against the stereotypical household norm. Ruth being the protagonist is portrayed as the main hero because she faces several events in which she faces hard decisions and makes them, even though society is against the choices and lifestyle she is living. How to cite House Keeping essay, Essays

Corporate Governance And Social Responsibility Global Code of Busines

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance And Social Responsibility for Global Code of Business Conduct. Answer: 1. In the case study, it is clearly shown that due to the asbestos issues, various medical conditions are originated. The Medical Research Compensation Foundation (MRCF), is continuously providing the assistance to the victims. As defined in the case study, it is clearly shown that the organization mainly believes in achieving the long term and short term targets. For this, they personally believe in the aspects related to the Corporate Governance (James hardie industries plc, 2014). The table is shown below mainly covers the different group of the stakeholders and the corporate governance responsibility hailed by the senior members. Stakeholder group of James Hardie Corporate Governance responsibility owned The group of customers The MRCF is founded by the senior authorities or the senior members of the organization and from these funds, the restructuring of the products could be attained. By this, the customers loss related to the product can be fulfilled easily. The group of employee The board of directors and the senior management of the organization tried to provide the various corporate governance aspects (Plessis, et al., 2010). Managing risk, conducting the business ethics, continuous disclosure, and Insider trading is considered as the key facilities which are provided to the employees of the organization (Redmond, 2012). The group of investors Alike group of employees, the group of investors are also getting the advanced assistance from the senior management too. But, from the MCRF, the funds are also released to the investors for fulfilling their requirements appropriately. The suitable help to the investors as per the laws leads to guarantee in managing the risk and the other aspects are being solved by the senior management. The group of Regulatory Framework The regulatory framework also contributes in the major issues related to the organization. So, the suitable funds are also allotted from the MRCF to the regulatory framework. By this, the financial aspects of the regulatory structure may also be managed easily. The broad range of corporate governance responsibility is facilitated to the different groups of the James Hardie. To regret the health lost due to the asbestos, the corporate governance is provided to the victims. It can be possible to provide the corporate governance to two groups. With the context of assistance, proper help will be provided to the group of employee and the group of investors. The risk management, the identification of the suitable ethics related to the organization and the other recovery aspects is clearly shown to both the employees and the investors. These groups are combined because both these groups possess the same responsibility. 2. The Australian Stock Exchange commonly known as the ASX is mainly helpful in defining the major aspects related to the organization. In the Asbestos case of the James Hardie, the principle associated with ASX has played the most prominent role. To regulate the suitable processing and to manage the key corporate governance issues, it is essential for the organization to identify the right ASX principle with the appropriate recommendations. The table is shown below mainly define the ASX principle and with that, the key corporate governance issues are also identified. The ASX principles are explained by the corporate governance rules and the list has two sections. ASX Principle Key Corporate Governance Issue corresponding to the ASX principles Section 303 A 06 - Possess all the listed committee that satisfies the requirement of the organization. The corporate governance issue which is corresponding with the ASX principle are the issues related to the asbestos. According to this principle, to face the issues, all the requirements and the needs of the organization should be fulfilled in an appropriate manner. Section 303A. 1.1 - Handling the major foreign issues related to the organizations In contrast to the asbestos cases and the other aspects, the foreign issues can be solved on the wider level, which is considered as the key corporate governance issue (LongDog Associates, 2011). ASX Principles 1 and 2 - Useful in defining the suitable board of directors of the project. Helpful in fulfilling the requirement of the board of directors of the organization. But, the key issue has developed in relation to their performance. Section 303 A1.2 - The proper listing standards are defined through this. The ASX principle will be helpful in changing the aspects related to the formation of the suitable listing. The relative listing standards are allotted to the organization, which are helpful in defining the suitable auditing change in the organization and related processes. By identifying all these ASX Principles, it is quite clear that it will be helpful in solving the major issues related to the corporate governance. The organization already faces the issues due to the failure of the corporate social responsibility in the organization. So, to fulfill this aspect, the ASX principles are adopted, so that the suitable principles can be demonstrated along with key corporate governance issue corresponding to the ASX principles has been analyzed (Parker Evans, 2013). If the company had not restructured its aspects offshore, than these ASX principles will be helpful in solving the key issues. The phase of restructuring is mainly propounded due to the health issues occurring in the organization, due to the asbestos. These issues dont only affect the employees belonging to the organization, but to the customers and the investors too. So, to manage the situation in all circumstances, it is essential to follow the suitable ASX principles. 3. The ASX principle is mainly explained in context of Principles of Good Corporate Governance and the Best Practice Recommendations. By following the ASX principles, it could become possible to deliver more independent boards for the better disclosure. Though the organization followed the suitable ASX principle, but in an unethical manner. The higher authority of the organization unethically presents the fake copy of the ASX principles in front of the employees, to develop the consistency of the business. In the section defined above, the list of the ASX principle is described on the wide level, with that, the key corporate governance issues are also being defined simultaneously. To explain this section in a more elaborate manner, the table is shown below, which mainly defines the suitable actions taken by the company. ASX Principles Action company should have taken to comply with ASX guidelines Principle to fulfill the need of the customers The organization took various actions to fulfill the need of the customers on a wide level. There are various findings which show that the James Hardie follows the appropriate rules and orders to entertain the customers, but simultaneously also creates the fake rule for the customers. So, the actions should be taken for the self-growth and development (ASX Group, 2016). Principle to solve the Foreign issues To manage the ASX Principle related to the foreign aspects, the suitable actions are related to the restructuring of the organization are taken into consideration. The organization planned to start the concept of JHNIV in the other country. By this action, the organization can also save itself from the asbestos criminal issues. Principle related to the listing of the standards For managing the specific standards, the organization try to manage all the policies and rules in correspond to the ASX Principles. The policies included in the fund raising are like AIFCL, MRCF and the JHIL. ASX Principle related to the Board of Directors The ASX principle related to the Board of directors is defined in an appropriate manner. To coordinate with the board of directors, the different actions are identified by the James Hardie. The actions which are taken against the board of directors misleads the communications, Failure to Disclose in relation, Misleading the executive presentations, Restructure of the group and failure of the appropriate care diligence (Plessis, et al., 2010). By following these principles appropriately and conducting the suitable action on that, the ASX principles can be determined easily. It is essential to manage the suitable action in reference to the ASX principle because without identifying the suitable ASX principle, it is not possible to manage the current scenario related to the organization. 4. According to the case study, it defines that in coordination with the James Hardie, the other funders and the associates are also connected. These associates are identified as the stakeholders who defines the appropriate groups of the James Hardies. The sudden change or the unethical behavior of the James Hardie exacerbated the different groups of the stakeholders in the different manner. Stakeholders Group of James Hardie How long term interests of the stakeholders were affected or exacerbated? Group of Customers The deals which are signed by the customers to sell them the suitable products is not fulfilled appropriately. There are various customers who were outsourcing the products from the James Hardie. For example, the major customers are Australia, New Zealand and the United States who are purchasing the products for the long-term process, but due to the asbestos issue, the global customers are not purchasing the products appropriately. Group of employees The employees are considered as the main victim who were facing the ill effects from the James Hardie. There are various employees, who dedicate their whole working life to the organization are it vain. In fact, some of the lower level employees also lost their life due to the major lung diseases (James Hardie Building Products Inc., 2016). The long term insurance of the employees, gratuity and the extra income earned by the employees were not provided to them. Rather, the organization was planning to shift them to somewhere else. With this decision of the organization, not only the employees were becoming jobless but with this, the future strategy was also getting disturbed. Group of senior managers and the executives The group of senior managers and the executives also plan some long term strategy to achieve the targets. But, the continuous blames on some of the senior authorities and the other team members destroy the morale of the other employees too and some of them also withdraw their duties from the organization. This long term effect has been faced by the group of senior managers and executives (Morningstar, Inc. , 2016). Group of investors There are various investors and the stakeholders who are actively participating in releasing the funds for the organization and simultaneously, also possess the suitable shares in the market. But, the fake ASX principle and the inappropriate allotment of the funds to the victims engaged the money of the various investors in an uneven manner (Wynne, 2005). The above description clearly defines that the restructuring and reconstructing decisions of the organization, not only create the negative impact on the employees, customers and the investors but, by this, the existing image of the organization also gets spoiled. 5. The case study clearly defines that the Asbestos case was first established in the year 1939, but the organization doesnt want to take the responsibility. James Hardie had continued the production, which was mainly the commercial decision. Asbestos is the material used in the industry for making the brake linings, fibro sheeting, pipes and the other materials. The side effects of the Asbestos not only creates the trouble for the employee, but has also affected the nearest environment as well. But, when the victims of Asbetos has been identified and the family of the victim lodges the complaint against the organization, the organization (i.e. James Hardie) took very important decisions. They planned to switch the business and also want to change the location of the business (Parker Evans, 2013). The decisions taken by the directors at that time were not considered as the appropriate decision legally. At that time, rather than facing the current situations, the organization wanted to get rid-off from the current scenario. In the defined case study, it is also mentioned that the medical implications of the Asbestos sufferers were also revealed at the initial level but the organization ignored it a lot. The decision which was made by the higher authorities was considered as unethical. The employees who were suffering from the Asbestos and lung diseases belonged to the organization only and to take care of those employees is considered as very important. But, rather than fulfilling the moral responsibilities, the organization looks forward to the strong financial aspects. With this, the organization also wants to expand the business in various other forms. To explain the difference between the business ethics and the moral ethics the discussion is also defined (Shah, 2016). The business ethics simply believes in making the maximum profit from the existing business, whereas according to the moral ethics, the security of the employees is considered as the major priority of the organization. To explain the difference, most appropriate examples are defined in the case study clearly. To follow the business ethics, the organization only expands the business rather than looking after the major issues occurred. In fact, the organization also planned to switch their current business and also change the name of the business which was James Hardie Industries NV (JHINV). But, the social pressure and the corporate responsibility of the company provide the suitable funds to the victims of the asbestos issues. When the organization was ready to provide the funds to the victim for the incidents that occur in 1960, then it was included in the category of the moral ethics (Commonwealth of Australia, 2004). Its not considered as the wrong aspect to expand the business and to earn the maximum profit from it, but simultaneously to follow the moral ethics also matters a lot. To complete the moral ethics, the organization arranges the Injuries Compensation Fund Limited (ICFL) for solving the issues related to the asbestos victims in an appropriate manner. Other than this, there are various funding system which helps in solving the issues related to the organization and employees too. 6 As the case study indicates that due to the suspected and ignoring behavior, the organization has to face bad times. To manage the image in the international market and to cure the victims of the Asbestos case. The organization planned to adapt the suitable corporate social responsibility. Specific Stakeholders Group How did action threaten James Hardie Corporate Sustainability? Customers The customers are considered as the major source of increasing the sale of the product. After the Asbestos case of the James Hardie, the customers took legal actions on the organization and also lodge the case of the fraudulent against them (Tozer Hamilton, 2005). This reduces the capacity of the organization to perform well and the corporate social responsibility is also not fulfilled appropriately. Investors The simple approach which is defined by the investors to threaten James Hardie is the withdrawing the investment from the existing projects of the James Hardies. While providing the funds to the Asbestos Victims, the funds are released from the investors only. The common funds are released from the Final Funding Agreement (FFA), Asbestos Injuries Compensation fund limited (AICFL) and MRCF (Cameron, 2001). All these funds are provided by the investors. If these funds arent provided at that time, the CSR of the organization may get threatened. Employees Personally, the employees also threatened the CSR of the James Hardie. The organization declared various misleading statements to the employees, so that they can continue with the organization. But, after considering the health issues, especially the problems related to the lungs, the employees of the organization withdraw their support due to which the CSR activities suffers a lot (Gries Marsh, 2015). Others Threatening from the unions and the groups of people, who is legally trying to manage the rights of the Asbestos Victims were very common which hinder the corporate social responsibility of the organization. In fact, in the year 2004, the inappropriate behavior of the trade unions and the local councils leads to the Jackson inquiry (Hargovan, 2009). By identifying all the aspects shown in the above table, it is quite clear that due to the worst impact of the asbestos on the employees, customers and the investors, they withdraw their support from the organization. Due to this, the organization faces the major issues related to the CSR activities. Other than this, there are also various legal actions taken on the organization which ruined the image of the organization. Bibliography ASX Group, 2016. ASX official website. [Online]Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/Cameron, P., 2001. James Hardie Industries Limited: Project Green Board Paper, l.: s.n.Commonwealth of Australia, 2004. In the shadow of the corporate veil: James Hardie and asbestos compensation, l.: APAH.Gries, L. Marsh, M., 2015. Global Code of Business Conduct, l.: s.n.Hargovan, A., 2009. Australian Securites Investment Comission Mac'donald, l.: s.n.James Hardie Building Products Inc., 2016. Our Company: About James Hardie Building Products. [Online]Available at: https://www.jameshardie.com/About-Us/Our-CompanyJames hardie industries plc, 2014. Corporate Governance. [Online]Available at: https://www.ir.jameshardie.com.au/jh/corporate_governance.jspLongDog Associates, 2011. How Corporate Governance Failed in the James Hardie , l.: s.n.Morningstar, Inc. , 2016. James Hardie Industries PLC ADR JHX. James Hardie Industries PLC ADR JHX .Parker, C. Evans, A., 2013. Inside Lawyers' Ethics. l.:Cambrid ge University Press.Plessis, J., Hargovan, A. Bagaric, M., 2010. Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance. l.:Cambridge University Press.Redmond, P., 2012. Director's Duties Corporate Social Responsiviness. UNSW Law Journal, 35(1), pp. 317-340.Shah, S., 2016. Principles of Corporate Governance. l.:Academia .Tozer, L. Hamilton, F., 2005. Aethical corporations: Is there a case to answer under a Social Contract?, l.: s.n.Wynne, M., 2005. James Hardie and Health Care Corporation. James Hardie Health Investments.

Improving Communication Skills

Identification of Gram negative bacteria using biochemical tests, including API The WritePass Journal

Identification of Gram negative bacteria using biochemical tests, including API Abstract Identification of Gram negative bacteria using biochemical tests, including API AbstractIntroductionMethodConclusionReferencesRelated Abstract Four pure, unidentified cultures of (gram positive cocci) bacteria, labelled A-D were cultured on various agar media. Also an API test was simulated to identify another unidentified bacterium. Identification of bacteria is important when choosing an effective treatment for a microbial-causing illness. This experiment focused on the cultural and biochemical characteristics of bacteria in aid of identification. Under aseptic conditions, each of the four unidentified bacterium were cultured using the bile aesculin, manitol salt and the blood agar plates provided. These were then incubated for over a week and then observed. A catalase and Voges-proskauer were also carried out to verify the identity of the 4 strains of bacteria. Bacteria that produced air bubbles in the catalase test (as oxygen is one of the products formed, in the presence of the enzyme catalase) and a red colour change for the Voges-proskauer (bacteria is able to produce a compound called acetylmethylcarbinol), both ind icative of a positive result. For simplicity, the end cultures were compared with a table of results provided in the experiment to confirm the identity of Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. The first culture easily identified as Streptococcus pyogenes   produced a visible ÃŽ ²-haemolysis on blood agar; with an obvious clear zone around the colonies and was also unable to grow on manitol salt agar. The other strains were then determined from the various biochemical tests, as all bacterium possess particular characteristics that distinguish them from other genera. The bacterium used in the API was identified as Staphlyococcus. aureus, by use of an identification table, provided by the manufacturer of the API. However in a normal setting various other tests would have to be conducted to conclude the genus and species of the bacteria. Introduction Gram positive and gram negative bacteria have a rigid cell wall called peptidoglycan and this can be used to distinguish between the two groups. Gram positive bacteria have a very thick outer layer of peptidoglycan. They also have the lipopolysaccharide layer absent. (Madigan et al., 2009) Gram positive bacteria usually appear purple and gram negative bacteria can be red to pink in colour with the use of gram staining. (Madigan et al., 2009) Once established the fact that the bacterium belong to gram positive group, the Dichotomous Key of Gram Positive bacteria can be used to differentiate bacteria by use of various biochemical tests. (Willey et al. 2008) The isolation and identification of bacteria is an essential diagnostic tool in microbiology, especially investigating pathogenic bacteria that cause infectious diseases. The clinician and microbiologist work together in this identification process. (Willey et al. 2008) Samples from the suspected infected area of a patient can be extracted and grown aseptically on agar medium to avoid contamination; these mixed cultures are then separated to produce single colonies of a genus bacterium. The shape of the bacteria can be determined by microscopy (using gram staining or other staining techniques for acid-fast bacteria), and culturing of the bacteria on various media – selective, differential and certain characteristic (metabolic) media. (Willey et al. 2008) Selective media only allow certain bacteria to grow, whilst differential media are used to distinguish bacteria from others, in the presence of some form of dye or indicator. (Madigan et al., 2009)   It is also important to note the conditions bacteria are able to grow in, as some may tolerate the presence of oxygen (aerobes) whilst others will not (anaerobes). The presence of specific enzymes enables aerobic bacteria to grow, whilst anaerobic bacteria cannot. (Madigan et al., 2009)   Voges-Proskauer tests distinguish bacteria that are able to produce fermentation, especially when they cannot respire aerobically. (Willey et al. 2008) When microscopy and culturing methods alone are not adequate enough to identify a species, specific biochemical tests are carried out. These tests are used to eliminate the number of possible pathogens causing the illness in question; by comparing the unidentified pathogen with the known metabolic characteristics stored on computer databases. (Madigan et al., 2009) These may include testing for products the bacterium may produce (due to a presence of specific enzyme/s) or even their ability to grow on either selective or differential media or a combination of the two. However some require further investigative tests to identify the bacteria. (Madigan et al., 2009)  Ã‚   An example is the coagulase test, which differentiates S.aureus from S.epidermidis, coagulase has the ability to clot plasma. (Willey et al. 2008)   Once the bacteria have been identified, antibiotic sensitivity tests (susceptibility tests) may be performed in order to determine which antibiotic/s would be most ef fective in treating the illness related to the microorganism. (Willey et al. 2008) The ability of bacteria to produce catalase is an important biochemical characteristic, aerobic bacteria are able to secrete specific enzymes this characteristic can be manipulated in identification. (Madigan et al., 2009)   Aerobic bacteria are able to neutralise hydrogen peroxide (that would otherwise be toxic to it) by converting it to water and oxygen. Bubble formation would indicate a positive result of this reaction taking place. (Greenwood et al., 2007) This test helps to identify streptococcus from staphylococcus. (Willey et al. 2008) Further more some bacteria may have the ability of secreting other enzymes like superoxide dismutase and peroxidise. This depends on the growth conditions the bacteria require, to neutralise free (unpaired) oxygen radicals that would otherwise destroy the normal functioning of bacterial cells. These radicals are the result of oxygen being reduced in the electron transport chain.   (Willey et al., 2008) Indicator medium of blood agar (usually containing horse blood) is used for the haemolysis test to indicate if the bacterium produces a specific toxin (haemolysin) this is a common virulence factor that pathogenic bacteria possess. A positive result indicates the bacterium possesses this toxin. (Willey et al. 2008)   The toxin is able to lyse erythrocytes by forming pores in the cell surface, releasing its contents – haemoglobin and other ions. (Willey et al., 2008) This can be observed on blood-agar as a clear halo with no distinct colour around the colonies, called ÃŽ ²-haemolysis. Partial (ÃŽ ±) haemolysis leaves a slight green discolouration, as hydrogen peroxide oxidises haemoglobin to methaemoglobin. (Greenwood et al., 2007) Bile aesculin agar is selective and differential, black formation on the culture plate would indicate the ability of the bacterium to hydrolyse aesculin and mix with ferric citrate. (Mahon and Manuselis, 2000) The manitol salt agar is an example of selective media that only allows growth of specific bacteria to grow, thus it can be used in biochemical tests. This is due to the high concentration of salt within this medium, which inhibits most bacteria from growing. (Mahon and Manuselis, 2000) Rapid identification of a microorganism can be determined by the use of an API (Analytical Profile Index) or manual ‘kit’ (Willey et al. 2008)  Ã‚   that contains 20 microtubules with dehydrated substrates, once inoculated with bacteria and left to incubate; the various wells produce colour changes when reagents are added. These colour changes are related to the metabolic characteristics of specific bacteria that can be matched to an identification table. The use of current technology enables one to study the genomic and antigenic structure of microorganisms and is thus useful in identification. The use of PCR and electrophoresis can be used in Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and genomic fingerprinting. (Willey et al. 2008)  Ã‚   Also the various surface proteins especially antigens can be identified for its interaction with particular antibodies by immunofluorescence or agglutination technique. This technique may yield rapid results and streptococci associated with sore throats can be identified this way; however these tests are not as accurate as the culturing techniques. (Champoux et al., 2004) New and more accurate technologies are being studied such as the use of Biosensors. (Willey et al., 2008) Staphylococci have a round shape (from the Greek word ‘kokkos’ meaning a berry.) these bacteria form clusters like grapes (derived from the Greek word ‘staphule’) Staphylococci also have a slime layer, and are mainly found on the surface of skin.(Heritage et al., 1999) These aerotolerant anaerobe are able to grow in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Although Staphylococcus aureus is harmless living on the surface of the skin, it is able to cause serious illness like septicaemia when it enters open wounds. (Mandal et al., 1996) This bacterium can also become an opportunistic pathogen, responsible for epidemics like MRSA due to resistance of the antibiotic methicillin and emerging resistance to vancomycin. (Willey et al., 2008) A quick biochemical test called Staphaurex can also be used. (Willey et al., 2008) Streptococci are facultative anaerobes and do not form any gas products, as they produce lactic acid fermentation and will therefore catalase negative. (Willey et al., 2008)   The streptococcus genera cover an extensive group of bacteria – the cocci that are spherical in shape and thus placed into 3 groups: pyogenic, oral and other (colon) streptococci. (Greenwood et al., 2007)   Virulence factors produced by the pathogenic bacteria (pyogenic) like the presence of streptolysin, have the ability to lyse erythrocytes and can inhibit the host’s immune response as it kills leukocytes. Haemolysis is a key step to identify pyogenic (harmful) streptococci from other streptococci. (Willey et al., 2008) The species E. faecalis can be found in the intestinal tract, it has the ability to cause opportunistic infections like urinary tract infections (UTI) and also is able to grow in 6.5% sodium chloride, and can resist certain antibiotics. (Willey et al., 2008)   The enterococcus group are closely related to the streptococcus group, but are associated more within the intestinal area. (Champoux et al., 2004) The species M.luteus are obligate aerobes in that they rely completely on oxygen to survive and so can be found on one’s own microbiota, the surface of skin. (Madigan et al., 2009) Method A week before identification, 4 unidentified pure strains labelled (A-D) were each cultured on blood, bile aesculin and manitol salt agar that corresponded to each letter. The streak-plate technique was applied, a loop used to transfer the bacteria to the agar plates was sterilised under an open flame and left to cool, before each set of streaks. After a week, the agar plates were all examined and the type of results they produced was recorded. A single colony (seen by naked eye) was removed from the original (ordinary) agar plates. Each of these was inoculated over a few days and used for the Voges-Proskauer test. The reagents alpha napthol and 40% KOH were added, the tubes were then observed for colour changes. Also a catalase test was carried out, an inoculated loop was used to transfer a small amount from each strain (from the ordinary agar plates) to a microscope slide and hydrogen peroxide was added. Those that bubbled were noted as positive. All results from the various bioche mical tests were compiled in table format the catalase; Voges-Proskauer; haemolysis (blood agar); ability to produce aesculetin (bile agar) and ability to grow (on manitol salt agar). The 4 strains of bacteria were thus identified. Separately, an API test was simulated of an ‘unidentified’ staphylococci bacterium. Each well of the incubation box for the API was filled with distilled water followed by an ampoule of the bacteria which was inoculated and prepared to the correct McFarland standard tube of 0.5. Mineral oil filled the outlined wells. The box was incubated for a few days; reagents were added to the corresponding wells and after 10 minutes observed for colour changes. Reagents VP1 and VP2 were added to the VP well; NIT1 and NIT2 to NIT well and lastly Zym A and Zym B to PAL well. The test colour result for each well was then noted (either positive or negative) on an API Staph strip and matched with the identification table of the various Staphylococcus species. The staphylococcus species was thus identified. Results The 4 unidentified strains (labelled A-D) were exposed to various biochemical tests, the results from these are given below. Table 1: Results from the gram positive strains Results from the API test: A bacterium was then identified by the use of API test, a colour indication table was also provided to determine if the results were positive or negative. These results were jotted down on a test strip and compared with a test table to identify the species of Staphyloccocus. Figure 1: Test strip Figure 2: Identification Table of Staphylococcus species   (Provided by API Manufacturer) Discussion  Ã‚   Observation of the colour and characteristics of the pathogen, with the use of various biochemical tests can identify the bacterium causing the infection. (Madigan et al., 2009) This can be applied in this experiment. Referring to Table 1: The ability to produce haemolysis is dependent on bacteria to secrete a toxic substance called haemolysin, which is able to lyse red bloods cells. Thus blood agar is used which is a differential medium. (Willey et al., 2008) The type of haemolysis bacteria produce can be observed by the naked eye, as clearing zones around the colonies. A ÃŽ ²-haemolysis results in distinct, colourless clear zones of colonies, as the erythrocytes (of the blood agar) have completely lysed. The species S. pyogenes has the ability to secrete exotoxins, depending incubation conditions it will either secrete Streptolysin-O (anaerobic) or Streptolysin-S (aerobic). The pyogenic bacteria are distinguished from other streptococci by producing ÃŽ ²- haemolysis. (Willey et al., 2008) Whilst ÃŽ ±-haemolysis is the partial destruction of erythrocytes with some clearing and slight green discolouration, it is not as distinct as ÃŽ ²-haemolysis. The green tinge is a result of haemoglobulin being oxidised. Conversely M luteus and E. Faecalis produce Æ”-haemolysis i.e. no colour change or clearing zone on the agar as the bacteria are unable to produce haemolysin. (Greenwood et al., 2007) Furthermore the Lancefield method together with haemolysis testing can be used to identify pathogenic streptococci from other less evasive streptococci. (Greenwood et al., 2007) The Lancefield method involves the agglutination of antibodies with the cell wall antigens (C polysaccharide) each serotype is classified A-T, depending on the sort of antigen-polysaccharide nature of this reaction. (Willey et al., 2008). Voges-proskauer is used to indicate if the bacteria in question produce fermentation, this would depend on their culture needs – especially anaerobic bacteria which are unable to respire without the electron transport chain. (Willey et al., 2008) The red colour produced is a test positive for the production of acetoin or acetylmethylcarbinol in glucose fermentation. (Champoux et al.,2004) Referring to Table 1, S. aureus tests positive as it’s a facultative anaerobe. (Willey et al., 2008) Whilst M. luteus and Str. pyogenes can grow in aerobic conditions and so do not require the principles of fermentation, they test negative. Conversely, unlike anaerobes ability to produce fermentation, most aerobes possess the enzyme catalase. A positive catalase test results in bubble formation when hydrogen peroxide is added to a bacterium. The enzyme catalase is able to form water and oxygen from hydrogen peroxide. (Madigan et al., 2009)   The Streptoccocus pyogenes produce no gas, and instead utilise lactic acid to break down sugars. (Willey et al., 2008)   They catalase negative as the enzyme catalase is not present; so cannot break down hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen. (Greenwood et al., 2007) Staphylococcus tests positive and can utilise glucose to form acidic products. (Madigan et al., 2009) It’s also an aerotolerant anaerobe, it may lack the enzyme superoxide dismutase which can break down superoxide radicals, but can make use of manganese ions instead. This may have been an adaptative mechanism when the very first forms of bacteria were exposed to oxygen. (Madigan et al., 2009)   This en zyme is common in most pathogenic bacteria, and increases their virulence by neutralising the otherwise toxic hydrogen peroxide and minimizing death by phagocytosis by host cells. (Champoux et al., 2004)   M. luteus grow in aerobic conditions and can only utilise glucose in these conditions, this would explain why it would catalase positive, to neutralise toxic hydrogen peroxide.   (Madigan et al., 2009) Bile aesculin agar is selective and differential, black formation on the culture plate would indicate the ability of the bacterium to hydrolyse aesculin and mix with ferric citrate. (Mahon and Manuselis, 2000) The presence of bile salts will inhibit some types of bacteria like S. pyogenes and M.luteus (as seen on Table 1) Manitol is a selective media, only allowing some bacteria to tolerate it, like S. aureus   and E. faecalis. They are both able to utilise manitol by fermenting it to produce acid, thus lowering the pH the agar changes from red to a yellow colour as a result.   Incubation of S. aureus is slightly longer, and so a coagulase test can also be implemented. (Mahon and Manuselis, 2000)   Whilst haemolysis identifies pathogenic streptococci like Str. pyogenes, the manitol agar identifies pathogenic staphylococci. Also Str. pyogenes cannot grow on this agar, and so no visible colonies are formed. (Willey et al., 2008) While M. luteus has the ability to grow on manitol salt agar (visible colonies), so one would assume that it cannot utilise manitol, as there is no colour change present as it cannot produce acid. As mentioned, there are various API tests available; this experiment used an API Staph Test which identified Staphylococcus, micrococcus and kocuria genera. (CITATION)   The test kit was compared with the colour change table of the various substrates (when reagents are added) and the API test strip was marked accordingly for a positive or negative result. The test strip (Figure 1) was then compared to the identification table (Figure 2) and the unknown bacterium was identified as S. aureus. The limitations of this test is that a pure culture of bacteria must be used and that API’s are specific for a particular genera of bacteria, various API tests are available (biotech.ug.edu.pl/odl/biochem/api.html) these include an API 20E to identify Enterobacteriaceae (Willey et al., 2008) Also any experimental error like not adding reagents correctly to specific well can also give false positives, thus not correctly identifying the species. Conclusion Identification of gram positive bacteria can be achieved by carrying out various biochemical tests.   Differential media like blood agar is useful in identifying the type of haemolysis and thus the pathogenicity of various bacteria (streptococci). Selective media like manitol salt agar inhibits growth of certain bacteria like streptococci, whilst also determining the presence of particular enzymes by the end products produced, this can be observed by colour changes. Various other biochemical tests are available and can produce rapid results – like the API. The simulation of identifying bacteria in this experiment, accentuated how vital these tests are in order to treat patients effectively. However it should be noted in realistic settings further biochemical tests and the use of modern technologies may be required to correctly identify microorganisms. References Greenwood, D.; Slack, R.; Peutherer, J., Barer, M. (2007) Medical Microbiology A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. 17th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Limited. Heritage, J., Evans, E.G.V., Killington, R.A. (1999). Introductory Microbiology. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of The University of Cambridge Madigan, M., Martinko, J., Dunlap, P., Clark, D,. (2009). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 12th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings Mahon, C.R., Manuselis, G. (2000) Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders An Imprint of Elsevier Mandal, B.K.; Wilkins, G.L.E.; Dunbar, E.M.; Mayon-White, R.T. (1996) Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. Champoux, J.J.,   Drew, W.L., Neidhardt, F.C., Plorde, J.J.(2004) Sherris Medical Microbiology. 4th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Willey, J.; Sherwood, L., Woolverton, C. (2008) Prescott, Harley, and Klein’s Microbiology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Triangle Fire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Triangle Fire - Essay Example The scrap bin was accumulated with cuttings of around two months and a lighted cigarette or a match was possibly the starting point of the fire. On the other hand, some explain that the engines which supported the sewing machines may have caused the fire, whereas many historians believe that it was pre-planned by the owners of the factory. The owners, Blanck and Harris were present at the factory premises when the fire broke out along with their workers in the 10-storey building. When the fire broke out, the two owners saved themselves by running to the roof and jumping to the adjoining building, but their workers met a terrible fate and 146 of them were either burnt alive or jumped out of the building windows in horror to save themselves. When the workers used the Washington Place stairways to flee, they noticed it was locked which took from them the only hope of escaping the sight safely. The Washington Place Stairway was locked from the outside to prevent theft by the workers. The workers demanded for better working conditions because they were made to work for longer hours at very low wages and they were deprived of the basic amenities and facilities. Whereas on the other hand, the factory owners rejected these demands put forth by the workers of the factory, so that they could protect the industries from the effects of unionizations and regulations. Plus, the low profit margins coupled with the high costs prevented the owners from meeting the demands of the workers because the fulfillment was monetarily not feasible. Many female workers who worked at the factory were immigrants, from Europe and Italy, who had migrated in hope of a better life and future. The poor working conditions they faced and the grinding poverty made their lives even more difficult. The work conditions were horrific, with long working hours and low wages. Many of these workers, in protest of the poor working conditions joined unions and even went out on strikes.

Concrete to Prove Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concrete to Prove Abstract - Essay Example   One day he came to know about the situation through which John was going. John had no money with him and going to a restaurant was almost a fancy to him. Tom found him thoughtful on that day and after having a discussion with him came to know about his situation. His kind heart was deeply concerned. He had money to feed himself only yet he took John to the restaurant nullifying all the latter’s protests. Tom ordered for John’s favorite dishes and as they arrived, served them with his own hand to John. John’s eyes became wet with tears. Tom supervised but ate nothing while John had his meal. There were still a few dollars in Tom’s pocket and he gave them to John while returning. Tom did not even tell us anything about what he had done for his friend. My mother even scolded him for expending so much money but he remained silent. We came to know about all these from John’s mouth after three months when he visited our place with the good news that h e had got a good job. We were astonished to see the depth of kindness and love in Tom for his friend.  Tom’s kindness was not limited to human beings either. Here, I shall tell you another story of his life. This happened in his college days too. That day it was raining heavily and Tom had troubles while returning home from college. Reaching our door, he saw a dog sitting with one of its right legs bleeding from some injury. I was the person who opened the door and saw Tom picking up the dog and coming in. My mother was horrified and cried, â€Å"No Tom! This is too much. I ain’t gonna allow any dog here.† But Tom, who was occupied with his concern for the four-legged animal, hardly listened to what his mother said. He made the dog sleep under the couch in the drawing room. Then he ran towards his own room and before my mother could say or do anything more, he came back with a gauge of bandage and a small bottle of ointment which he uses for his football injur ies.  

Forensic Science and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forensic Science and Law - Essay Example If there are no exceptional circumstances, the prosecution should not attempt to introduce such evidence. A judge would also consider whether there were any dissimilar characteristics between the print and that taken from the accused, and the size, quality and clarity of the print relied upon [R v Buckley1]. On the authority of an insp0ector, which can only be given where the officer has reasonable grounds for believing the suspect is involved in a criminal offence and the fingerprints will tend to confirm or disprove his involvement or facilitate the ascertainment of his identity. An authorization may only be given for the facilitating the ascertainment of the person’s identity where the person has either refused to identify themselves or the authorizing officer has reasonable grounds to suspect they are not who they claim to be. Fingerprints may also be taken from a person convicted of a reasonable offence or cautioned, warned or reprimanded in respect of such an offence. Subsection (2) replaces the existing provisions about the taking of fingerprints on the authority of an inspector with a wider power to take fingerprints from any person detained in consequence of his arrest for a reasonable offence. The existing requirements to give a person whose fingerprints are taken without consent reasons for doing so and for recording the reason as soon as practical applies to the new power. This amendment to Section 61 of PACE 1984 will prevent persons who come in to police custody and who may be wanted on a warrant or for questioning on other matters from avoiding detection by giving the police a false name and address. Using Livescan technology, which enables the police to take fingerprints electronically and which is linked to the national fingerprint database (NAFIS), the police will be able to confirm a person’s identity whilst he is still in police detention if his fingerprints have been taken previously.

The Indian Middle Class History Essay

The Indian Middle Class History Essay Is there something known as the Indian middle class? How does it manifest itself in everyday India? Illustrate through Santosh Desais Mother Pious Lady. It is very tough to explain the contours that define the Indian middle class. Being in the middle is not a easy thing always as there are two conflicting forces that keep on pulling this middle towards itself. One is the rich, upper class, the elites whose lifestyles symbolise the new dawn of the country. The other is the seemingly poor, lower class which is routinely dismissed as the underbelly. But in Indias case, there definitely exists a middle class which is thriving and is a growing force for every aspect of the country society, culture, politics, market and even cinema. Santosh Desai, through his book Mother Pious Lady, shares this sentiment as he reflects on how the middle class has been negotiating with the seemingly innocuous but defining changes in their culture, thinking and lifestyles. This essay, through some anecdotes from Santosh Desais book and insights of some other thinkers, aims to emphasize the fact that something like a middle class is very much a part of India s structure and manifests itself in every day India. For the current generation, the concept of a middle class seems to be a fairly recent one. But then probably, the middle class was always there in the Indian history in some way or the other. A proto-middle class existed in India much before the British period, consisting of petty officials, shopkeepers, master craftsmen, priests and scribes. But they were not a middle class in the modern sense. Soon, the ideas of Industrial Revolution found their way into British India as well. Social values were transformed by the efforts of reformers like Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. At the same time, the growing use of the English language provided access to technological, political and cultural innovations of the West. Thus, the Indian middle class was born.  [1]   After independence, started the process of formation of a new lifestyle and image for the middle class the existing middle class of before independence; gained more resources for themselves and moved into the position of the new elites of the new, independent India. With the growth of public sector jobs in the 50s and 60s, came about the growth of a new middle class. As Sanjeev Sanyal puts it, In turn, it created a whole generation of middle-class children who grew up together in housing colonies and with a shared experience Chitrahaar on Doordarshan, the Fiat or scooter that was replaced by the Maruti 800, and the unending sequence of exams. It also led to a culture of sharing with each other. Sociologist Shiv Visvanathan provides an insight, What made the middle- class of the time different was the way it wove together scarcity, memory and boredom. The public sector socialism of the time with its ritual of ration cards created a world of limits. One did not starve but one subsisted on little. The one thing socialism created was the world of boredom as a commons. One shared each others boredom. The 70s and 80s gave a shape to the faint contours of the middle class which had risen in the 60s. The culture of the middle class was now also more consumption based and provided the image of the middle class which we now seem to identify with. Santosh Desai describes these pangs of growing consumption through anecdotes on how sending a 2-word telegram was all it took to convey well-being, how stainless steel utensils acted identifiers of a certain modernity that was newly acquired. Raja Menon provides another insight, Families moved into quarters designated Type 2 A, 14B/43 of Phase 1. All appliances-a radio, BW TV, a stereo, refrigerator and mixie-were displayed in the drawing room and the whole neighbourhood dropped in to watch Chitrahaar.  [2]   The 90s are heralded as the era of the middle class which the marketers chased. Liberalisation opened up new avenues for the middle class. When India opened up in 1991, the big attraction for marketers both national and global was the big Indian middle class estimated to be anywhere between 300 to 400 million and growing.  [3]   Anuradha Goyal documents the pangs of transition for the moderate 80s to the ambitious 90s for the middle class, They (middle class) lived in their own world where they had enough for their basic needs but nothing for their desires. Then came the famous economic reforms of early 90s and it changed the Indian middle class forever. People in the upper echelons of the society probably always had everything, and for the people in the lower rung things have still not have changed much except probably a mobile phone in the hand. But the middle class suddenly had more resources than they were used to. They could now afford to buy houses at a much younger age, cars almost at the beginning of their work lives, clothes and shoes without waiting for a wedding to happen in the family. Psychologically, for people who grew up in 70s and early 80s, the change was tremendous, while their growing up was in the era of scarcity they landed up in the era of abundance without really making a proportionate effort. They embraced the change but also had to deal with their roots that lie in another age. As a class they also became the focus segment for many product and service offerings. They were not used to and had to learn to deal with this sudden attention. During the 90s and beyond, the level of middle class got a raise, a raise which was quite different from that of the upper or lower class. As Madhukar Sabnavis puts the query, In any society, people want to move up in life and there is continuous push for every group to move up. Simultaneously, the people on the top have the urge to do better to distance themselves from the rest. So, to define a middle class by income earned is always possible. And to affix a number to it is equally easy, once the arithmetic is done. But is this actually the middle class and whats special about this class? Why is this group so special to everyone sociologists, marketers and administrators? Economically, the 90s defined the middle class in terms of its earnings and the subsequent spending or to say differently, the consumption. This new middle class worked hard to rise from the bottom, bringing with it a nouveau-rich mentality that some Indians consider vulgar. Today, Indias middle class is one of the largest in the world, equal in some estimates to the population of the United States. The economic reforms started in the early 1990s have spurred an annual growth rate exceeding 7%, with especially rapid growth in the middle class. Projecting that growth rate into the future, Indias income will double every ten years. Within a generation almost 50% of Indias people could become middle class and poverty could diminish to 15%. In line with this growth, the Indian middle class is developing an appetite for telephones, cars, televisions, clothes, refrigerators and other consumer goods.  [4]   This economic rise of the middle class also gave a new direction to the cultural mores which have now come to define the middle class in India Sabnavis again gives an insight, Once unshackled, its not surprising that the Indian middle class felt liberated to enjoy and spend in the last two decades. Integrity is a relic of the Gandhian/scarcity era. Means justify the ends has always been the Indian principle of living Krishna and Chanakya are the cultural icons of this. Jugaad has always been part of our lives. No doubt, words like jugaad, fixing, contacts have invariably crept into the lingo of the average middle class guy. Another quite peculiar identifier of this new middle class culture has been the fixation with English. Puts Vikram V. Garg  [5]  ,Knowledge of English, together with mass media and the internet puts middle India in a very interesting position. It is in some sense, pre-western. The combination of comfort with English, combined with the relatively liberal political and media environment of India, is resulting in a huge American influence on this middle class. Also contributing are the increasingly strong people to people links between America and India. The middle class is thus developing aspirations that are in line with this psuedo-western mindset. It seems that for now these aspirations are mostly consumerish and professional, not political. But the most defining feature of this middle class has been the fact that despite moving up the ladder in the consumption chain, it has not lost view of its traditions which does appear contrasting but is the path chosen. Says Rowena Robinson, The modernity of the middle class does not enter the realm of the mind. Perpetuating patriarchal and hierarchical notions and reaffirming stereotypical gender roles are seen as commitment to tradition. Being liberal is epitomised as consumption and spending.  [6]   Santosh Desai also emphasizes on a related aspect in Mother Pious Lady. He analyses this through the term ritual reality The penchant for symbolic action finds its pinnacle when it comes to finding a method to punish inactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the institution of the suspension is an inspired oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Most suspensions are liftedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and often with retrospective effectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Overall, it seems to reflect a lack of belief in the ability of any person to materially alter the world through individual actionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ we place thinking on a higher pedestal over action, seeing the latter as a lower order activity compared to the former. Another way to see this middle class is through the silver screen. The depiction of middle class in films has kept pace with the changing aspirations of the middle class itself. As Alam Srinivas puts it, Nationalism is not just about geographies, politics and social upheavals. Its also about economics, in the context of the evolution of the middle class-the intellectual-ideological force behind the nation-building exercise. Over decades, as various pressures transformed it, the middle class forced the country to alter its socio-politico-economic vision. And Hindi cinema has, through the decades, tracked all these changes.  [7]   Madhava Prasad refers to a certain tendency in popular Hindi cinema of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He says that this set of films à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦was addressed to the subject, the individual in society, faced with the struggle for existence, the locus of desires, fears and hopes  [8]  . He refers to this as the middle class cinema. The cinema of 1970s 1980s reflected the middle class as a section of society in transition and in that transition, going against the system and leading to a resultant angst the angry young man image as a symbol for the same films like Zanjeer, Deewar, Laawaris, Shaktià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Films like Ardha Satya and Aakrosh showed the undirected middle-class anger, discontent and confusion during those days in the 1970s and 1980s. The rise of economically empowered middle class in the 1990s gave a new image to be projected by popular media. In an article World Cinema: Bollywood forced to go mainstream? Iain Ball says -The highly educated middle and upper classes in India, once embarrassed at being westernized and for speaking and thinking in English, are feeling confident in their sense of identity and their language for the first time. Theres a whole audience one can target that wasnt there 10 or 15 years ago. This is a new money class.  [9]   As Neha Chadha points out, This also explains the sudden emergence and dissemination of a certain set of images that not only repeatedly appear in Hindi cinema but also float all around us on television, newspapers, hoardings, posters, etc. and create a matrix, of which we have now become a part. All sorts of consumer items fill the frame cars, phones, television sets, microwave ovens, designed interiors and increasingly they became a part of the narrative and sometimes even became the very tools to carry the narrative forward. This larger trend of media images that surrounds us is an ever-expanding universe of merchandise, shopping malls and the new media, and each, in its own way, naturalizes this image culture.  [10]   Thus emerged a new romantic form which was definitely different from that of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was definitely not situated in the middle class. The romantic cinema of the late 1980s and early 1990s was about the urban youth who spend incessantly on food, clothes and entertainment, an image which continues to be projected even now. As Santosh Desai describes it, The Hero of today is changing, albeit slowly. His clothes are more normal and he woos his woman less roughly, but in many ways he is the same. As a society we still need our Heroes (sic) to do six impossible things before the first song in Switzerland. He must not appear ordinary, for we still have too much of that commodity going around in our own lives. As Chadha reasons, Even though the middle class exists in an enormous number as the principal consumers of these films, it is visually absent in them because it now begins to identify itself with a different class this identification occurs at the level of aspirations. Hence the paradox, the middle class can now not be associated with these images even though they could afford these objects or the lifestyle shown in these films. It is precisely this middle class that is the focus of Santosh Desais book, Mother Pious Lady. Desai dips into the world of media, Hindi films, relatives and jobs to paint a very accurate picture of India prior to liberalisation and in the early period after it. There are uncanny observations about the way Indian middle class has gone about living its life during this time.  [11]   For example, he offers an interesting insight about women travelling in DTC buses which some 20-22 years back, was the preferred mode of travel for the middle class The bus would wait for her arrival if needed to and the crowd would part to allow her to sit in the seat reserved for her. The relationship with the driver was never remotely improper; there was rarely any conversation or even an overt acknowledgement; it remained an unspoken pact between the driver and his muse. Desai offers his take on the changing aspirations of Indians, the dilemmas that come along with sweeping changes post liberalisation, and the historical baggage we carry. What we called middle class values were in reality nothing more than the whole protocol of actions we developed to deal with insufficiency with diginity and graceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A comrade of our needs, an enemy of our desires, this tightness of hand was accompanied by a value system that sought to minimise the acknowledgement of the role that desire played in our lives. He documents the huge shift the middle class has seen from stainless steel to the postcard, the blue used to whiten our clothes, the all-important crease in the trouser, unannounced (now unthinkable) visitors, the Bajaj scooter, the thali, even the pickle. Money used to be hard to come by, but joy wasnt The Maruti, which has been a symbol of the middle class living for quite some time, has been described by Desai like this For most of us, who were born in the middle class only to die there, the car was a border we could not imagine crossing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the Maruti compressed the promise of consumerismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ flung the doors of aspiration wide openà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The auto rickshaw, which is also a symbol of middle class transport, has been very amply described The autos appeal comes from its ability to provide a real luxury; it offers us the power of individualised motorised transport. When one hires an auto one is placing a value on ones own time. Rather than wait for public transport, an auto is hailed and ones precise destination is reached. The autorickshaws implicit deal with us is that while it gives us this wonderful luxury, in return it strips everything else in the experience that could remotely reek of luxury à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is both deeply comforting and dissatisfying. It captures the variable and uneven nature of life in India that is not too poor to have no choices, yet not so affluent that it can take life for granted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It reaffirms and gives substance to the Indian belief that life may be hard but there is always a way. The politics of speedbreaker are also a feature of his analysis, We may or may not build great roads, but we sure know how to build great speedbreakers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The speedbreaker exists to defeat the purpose of the road. Motorised traffic became possible because of the macadamisation of roads and the speedbreaker is tarmacs revenge on itself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ But there is a larger need that drives us to put up so many of these speedbreakers. At some level we are afraid of speed and the distance that gets created between those speeding and the rest of us. The speedbreaker is the political front, the battle line that marks the tussle between those with the means to speed and the othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Desai on those ubiquitous badges carefully bestowed on organizers at puja mandals and Lions Club felicitations: The badge is a quasi-uniform converting disconnected people into a cadre. The badge converts a lower division clerk into an officer bristling with disappointmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and a housewife into a despot with untrammelled powers. Whats the way ahead for this thriving, captivating middle class? Desai discusses how the Indian middle class is emerging from the folds of its past, thereby requiring fresh analysis. This transition, is still ongoing the middle class will become a stronger social force five years from now, with a more nuanced worldview. Rajdeep Sardesai documents this insight, The middle class, especially the more affluent sections, have dramatically shifted their priorities and become more self-centred than ever before. A credit card induced, acquisitive culture has meant that tomorrow is dispensable, what matters is the here and now. As long as an endless cycle of consumption is not significantly altered, there seems little empathy for the daily wage labourer who is struggling to survive. Double digit inflation is just a statistic, not a overwhelming concern.  [12]   Finally Madhukar Sabnavis has this prediction for the middle class, As India evolves, it appears the middle class, as we have known it in the second half of the 20th century, is disappearing. Across India, people are looking to better their lives materially and moving up the acquisition chain demanding more, wanting better products and living richer lives. Indian cultural values, however, will not disappear as people move up. Desire and values can and will coexist and its important for sociologists to accept it and live with it rather than bemoan it.